196 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
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ing mbitod at else we enbbine and aeatet 
spacing hooks or dogs. 
form leaves no open spaces, and is further rendered im- : 
pervious to water by introducing tarred wicking or canvas 
between the individual timbers. The cribbing is also pack- 
walled with clay, which method of procedure is seldom if 
ever employed. 
At the present time sawed timbers are in more general use, 
for the reason that they are much easier to handle and form 
a better-looking and more durable structure. Figure 25. 
The arrangement of the crib timbers is practically the same 
in all cases, the only modification being a different way of 
joining them and in lacing. When sawed timbers are used, 
