252 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
Another form, as shown in 7, 2, 3, and 4, figure 39, is built 
of the same grade of material as the one above described. 
This bucket, as shown in the cut, has a valve in the bottom, 
and when so provided is intended for a water bucket; when 
the bottom is solid, it is used only for hoisting mineral, 
The bail, A, is fastened at the points, C, to the strap ex- 
tending from the bottom, a trifle over half way up the side. 
A band, B, is riveted to the top of the bucket, which is in- 
tended to maintain the shape of the same. The points of 
support, C, are placed just above the center of gravity of the 
empty bucket, so that the bucket when empty maintains an 
upright position. The center of gravity of the bucket, when 
loaded, is above the points, C, thus causing the load to be 
in unstable equilibrium. The latch or trip, a, as seen in Z 
and 4, holds the bucket upright ; when drawn back the bucket 
reverses its position. 
The valve as seen from the bottom is shown in 2, and the 
cross section of the same in 3. The rubber washer used in 
the valve is shown in plan and section in 4 and in section on 
the valve in 3. The valve is a foot in diameter, the washer 
being of the same size. The height of the valve base is 64 
inches, and slopes up from the width of the bottom of the 
bucket (two and one-half feet) to a foot at the top of the 
valve. It is made of cast iron, and is riveted to the bottom 
of the sides of the bucket and forms a bottom for the same. 
The height of the bucket is 4 feet. The play of the cap is 
about two inches. The valve base is made of cast iron to 
give it weight, so that the bucket will not turn over when it 
strikes the water, and made sloping from the center outward, 
in order that grit and sand will fall away from the valve seat 
and not prevent its closing. The valve casting rests upon the 
two ends of the bail holder, C, which are turned at right angles 
for that purpose. 
Iron buckets are often made bulging at the middle, so that 
if the side of the shaft should be struck while hoisting the 
buckets would not catch, as would one with straight sides. 
Such buckets, however, require larger shafts to operate in 
and are more bunglesome than the straight-sided forms. 
RoprEs.—Iron and steel and fiber ropes are used for hoist- 
