CRANE. | Pumping Machinery. 308 
PUMPING MACHINERY. 
The mines in this district are freed from water by means 
of buckets and pumps. In the better equipped and deeper 
mines the water is removed wholly by pump, except possibly 
an occasional cleaning of the sump by buckets. 
The forms of buckets used in hoisting water were referred 
to in the description of buckets, and need no further men- 
tion. 
Pumps may be considered under two heads, namely, mine 
and mill pumps. The principal mine pumps are, endless 
belt, Cornish, steam, and rotary, while the mill pumps are 
of the centrifugal type and Pulsometers. 
Mine Pumps. 
The old Cornish style of pump is the form used almost uni- 
versally in the district; yet, in a few of the deeper mines, 
improved forms of simple and duplex steam pumps such as 
the Snow and Worthington are being used. A few primitive 
pumps were formerly used, but have disappeared almost en- 
tirely at the present time. 
A few remarks regarding one of these crude forms of pump- 
ing devices will not, however, be out of place here, as they 
are occasionally used. 
THE KNDLESS BELT PUMP. 
The endless belt or the ‘‘Chinese’’ pump, as it is some- 
times called, is used to a limited extent in this district. It 
consists of from one to three endless belts, which are made 
of canvas or leather belting, provided with cleats, and faced 
with thick rubber gasket. Figures 77 and 78. These belts 
pass over a pulley, A, at the top, which is driven by a gear- 
ing, B, and around separate pulleys at the bottom to 
prevent slippage and wear due to a possible differential 
movement between the different belts. The belts pass down- 
ward without, and rise within wooden tubes or column pipes 
which are just large enough to allow the belts with gasket- 
faced cleats to pass through. The rubber gasket facing com- 
