360 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
furnish ample room for the waste and refuse material result- 
ing from hand picking. 
The benefits resulting from hand picking below in the 
mine would be fourfold, namely: First, a saving in hoist- 
ing; second, a saving in time of skilled labor in the crusher 
room, which at present is detracted from feeding, to reduce 
the boulders to crusher size; third, a saving in wear on 
crusher and rolls; and fourth, less wear and better work on 
the part of the concentrating machinery, due to not being 
overcharged with waste material. 
Hand picking, as considered above, includes a slight reduc- 
tion of ore by sledge or hammer— practically the same as is 
now done in the crusher room, but differing in that the waste 
is more carefully removed from the mill dirt. ‘True, a con- 
siderable amount of hand picking is done in the crusher 
room, but it is done by high-priced labor, and, there- 
fore, very close picking is not desirable; if, however, this 
were done by unskilled, cheap labor, under ground, the ex- 
pense would be less in most cases, even with the extra ex- 
pense of light and supervision, and the result many times 
more satisfactory, than when it is done in the crusher room. 
A sizing is attempted in some mills by means of grizzlies, 
but little or no hand picking accompanies it, except, possi- 
bly, when the larger masses are reduced by sledge. When 
hand picking is not a possibility in the mine, it might be 
done to advantage in the crusher room, even if the room had 
to be reconstructed. The life of all reducing and concentrat- 
ing apparatus would, by this means, be much enhanced. 
HAULING. 
Hauling, both above ground and below in the mine, as now 
conducted, does very well for short distances. It is generally 
considered better and cheaper to sink a new shaft than to 
tram ore under ground for distances above 200 feet, and, as 
the mines are rarely over 100 feet deep, this is probably true. 
The problem of surface hauling is radically different, and 
here, it seems, improvements might be introduced to good 
advantage with distances of over 300 feet and possibly less. 
Much time is lost by hand tramming and dumping, or even 
when self acting planes are employed. From the use of rope 
