CRANE. | Addenda. 319 
PUMPING. 
The Cornish pump is still largely used, although the method 
of driving is changing somewhat. The so-called ‘‘cross- 
head’’ pumps are Cornish pumps driven by means of a cross- 
head attached to the upper end of the pump rod, which is 
guided by and works on two rods or bars. To either one or 
both sides of the cross-head are connected rods which are 
driven directly from the drive engine, or the end of a walking 
beam —the former method is probably more common. 
Vertical, cylinder or bull pumps are also being largely used, 
as are other forms of steam pumps, especially of the duplex 
type. 
Where fissured ground extends to the surface care must be 
taken to prevent the water pumped to the surface from re- 
turning to the underground workings. Flumes have been 
largely used in times past, also at the present time; but 
endless-chain bucket pumps are often employed in filling 
tank cars at pumping stations, in which the water is hauled 
and discharged at such a distance at least that there is no 
danger of its returning to the mine from which it came. 
Plate XLIV. 
COST OF OPERATIONS. 
Considerable data have been collected since the calculations 
were first made for the report, and although they do not 
agree in every respect with the former results, yet they give 
a fairly good idea of present practice. The results are given 
in cost per ton: 
Costrotadrllineashandaworkererr ace er ne aoe $0. 06800000 
Cost of drilling, machine work............ CoN a) 0 .05600000 
Wostrotedrill ¥steclenrnrie tes Naik ais chet Pep oahe c etetiore (0).00878000 
Costzom powders caps andeuSes 4am e eae 0.04050000 
Costiotoilekonplampseiea ne Se NAR Cade oe 0 .00080000 
COME Oil Wienloeromoer, Oly GARMIN. «5c06006000a0000000 0 .00045600 
(CHOSE Oe [OETA aver, AAV FOUN. >0050 5000400000000" 0.00005300 
Costa tetra cks ie ae, se hee as ein AP ne ae, orn 0.00009000 
Costzoteshovielinote teeter sis es ey 0 .03900000 
COR OIE Inloore, Winckere GAROWNNC|. 5 ocnesoucsscecveccce: 0.19890000 
COStROMNOISEIN Opp acre eee areas eee iS er clesci Sheepis lesoeecee 0 .02860000 
CoStHOTmtramimin Gee vane re dd Natalie alien ce wie fete 0.02600000 
CORE Oi, Grawisloutayer, [OW GUS NEIS go cob06000c0000s00000¢ 0.03000000 
Costzoracrushines ab yeoOllshens rena: Ae ee eee ae 0.03400000 
Costzofmoperavineselevatornn cn mere eee eee. 0.01600000 
