HAWORTH AND BENNETT.| General Stratigraphy. 75 
duces a more prominent scarp than the one at the top of the 
Cherokee shales. We include these four limestones and.shales 
in one stage as they will fit the geography of the country ad- 
mirably and assist in explaining the origin of the present 
surface features. Consequently, all the formations included 
with the Fort Scott limestone at the base and the Pleasanton 
shales on top are grouped together and named the Marmaton 
Stage, on account of the Marmaton river throughout almost 
its entire length having its channel within these different for- 
mations. Its upper streamlets rise practically on the top of 
the Pleasanton shales, and it just barely cuts through the 
Fort Scott limestone where it passes out of the state. 
POTTAWATOMIE STAGE. 
Above the rocks of the Marmaton Stage we have another 
complex, consisting of seven limestones along the southern 
part of the state and six interbedded shale-beds, which form 
a natural grouping, and are here segregated under the name 
of the Pottawatomie Stage. They are the Bethany Falls lime- 
stone, Ladore shales, Mound Valley limestone, Galesburg 
shales, Dennis limestone, Cherryvale shales, Drum limestone, 
Chanute shales, Iola limestone, Lane shales, Allen limestone, 
Vilas shales, and Stanton limestone. The name was chosen 
because the Pottawatomie river rises near the Stanton lime- 
stone, the uppermost one of the complex, and flows over the 
gently upturned edges of a number of the formations here in- 
cluded. 
DOUGLAS STAGE. 
Above the rocks of the Pottawatomie Stage is a heavy bed 
of shales separated by a thin limestone, the Kickapoo, the 
middle and southern end of which is so thin it has exercised 
no influence in determining surface features. The upper part 
of the Pottawatomie forms the most remarkable dip slope in 
the entire state. The soft overlying shales are worn away, 
leaving a zone from ten to twenty miles wide with the Stanton 
practically at the surface. This zone reaches from the south 
line of the state northeastward to the Missouri river near 
Leavenworth. At the western border of this dip zone is a 
prominent escarpment extending throughout the entire dis- 
tance. The walls of the scarp are composed of the Lawrence 
shales capped with the Oread limestone. Here, again, we 
have a natural grouping of formations, consisting of the heavy 
