84 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
places in Bourbon and Linn counties streams have cut away 
the shale to its surface, making its exposure along the stream 
two or three times the distance given. 
_ Characteristics—The Pawnee limestone differs so radically 
in general physical characteristics from the underlying Fort 
Scott limestone that the two may be distinguished quite read- 
ily. First, it is not divided into thin beds or layers very regu- 
larly ; second, it is much more massive in appearance, and pro- 
duces as a result large boulders; third, it is much more 
ferruginous than the Fort Scott limestone, so much so, indeed, 
that the soils formed in connection with it generally have a red- 
dish iron-rusty color. 
Fauna.—The Pawnee limestone is not so fossiliferous as 
some of the others, particularly the Fort Scott. It is well 
supplied, however, and the reader is referred to the chart by 
Doctor Beede, plate XLII, for a complete list. 
Bandera Shales.15 
The name Bandera shales is here applied to the shale-bed 
lying above the Pawnee limestone and below the Altamont. 
This is the shale-bed called the Lower Pleasanton shale in 
volume III, page 40, of this series of reports, published in 1898. 
Thickness.—The Bandera shales vary in thickness from 60 
to 100 feet. They are comparatively uniform in character and 
thickness but sometimes change very suddenly lithologically. 
Area.—The Bandera shales occupy a narrow zone reaching 
from the south side of the state in the vicinity of Altamont 
northeastward to the vicinity of Prescott along the east side of 
the state. They occupy a zone from three to eight miles in 
width, which is quite uniform in direction from the south line 
of the state northeastward to the vicinity of Erie, in Neosho 
county. From here northeastward it becomes very irregular, 
due to the irregular surface topography. In its northeastern 
extension in the southern part of Labette county it is particu- 
larly narrow and serpentine-like in direction. Beyond Fort 
Scott it becomes more regular, and passes out of the state 
northeast of Prescott. 
Characteristics.—The Bandera shales are principally noted 
for their arenaceous qualities, which frequently reach extreme 
degrees, producing most beautiful sand flagging stones. They 
vary in quality from an arenaceous shale to a shaly sandstone, 
15, Adams, Dr. George I.:; U.S. G.S:, Bull. No. 219% p: 325 1903: 
