110 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
with the limestones above and below, forms, from the valley 
of the Kansas river southward, the scarp called for convenience 
the Elk Falls escarpment. 
Area.—The Tecumseh shales cover but a narrow strip of the 
surface of the country from north to south, but form, as has 
been said, the face of the escarpment, with the Deer Creek 
limestone capping the same. 
Deer Creek Limestone.®1 
Bennett named these limestones from their location on Deer 
creek east of Topeka. Here again we have a three-membered 
limestone series separated by two shale-beds, the upper one 4 
feet thick and the lower one about 10 feet thick. 
Thickness.—The Deer Creek limestones fill a vertical space 
of from 20 to 30 feet. The lower one is 6 feet thick, the middle 
one 2 feet, and the upper one about 5 feet along the Kansas 
river. 
Area.—The Deer Creek limestones form an irregular nar- 
row zone or small escarpment, extending from the southern 
part of the state northward until hidden by the glacial drifts 
in Jefferson county. 
Characteristics.—The Deer Creek limestones become quite 
blue in color towards the south, and are much fissured and 
broken as they appear on the hilltops in the southern part of 
the state. These characteristics are quite uniform wherever 
observable. 
Calhoun Shales.®2 
The Calhoun shales were named by Beede, the name being 
applied to a shale above the Deer Creek and below the Topeka 
limestone. 
Thickness.—The Calhoun shales measure perhaps 50 feet 
thick at Topeka, but thin out both to the north and to the 
south. 
Topeka Limestones.838 
The Topeka limestones were named by Bennett. They area 
quadruple series and have been extensively quarried for build- 
ing purposes at Topeka, from which place they derive their 
name. They lie immediately above the Calhoun shales. 
61. Bennett, Rev. John: Univ. Geol. Surv. of Kan., vol. 1, p. 117. 1896. 
62. Beede, Dr. J. W.: Trans. Kan. Acad. Sci., vol. xv, pp. 29. 1896. 
63. Bennett, Rev. John: Univ. Geol. Sury. of Kan., vol. I, p. 117. 1896. 
