334 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
very closely related. In some respects the lower two divisions 
are more closely related to each other than to the two upper 
ones. It is not improbable, too, that the uppermost one may 
prove to be quite as closely related to the Permian as to the 
Coal Measures. 
In this connection the question naturally arises as to what 
are Upper and what are Lower Coal Measures? Some of the 
species usually regarded as characteristic of the Lower Coal 
Measures are largely confined to the rocks below the Bethany 
Falls limestone. Prismopora triangulata White, Chonetes me- 
solobus N. and P. and Fusulinella are examples. The first two 
of these are of especial importance. Other species occur here 
which continue to the top of the Iola limestone but are not 
found above it. Among these are Cryptacanthia compacta W. 
and St. J., Lima krotowi Stuck., Cleiothyris orbicularis (Mc- 
Ches.), Strophalosia spondyliformis W. and St. J., Aviculopec- 
ten rectilaterarius Cox, etc. In the light of these facts and that 
Enteletes hemiplicata Hall, Chonetes granulifer Owen,?" and 
the species F'usulina, are either totally absent or very rare in 
and below the Iola limestone, and that they are all considered 
typical Upper Coal Measures fossils, the top of the lola might 
be considered as the limit of the Lower Coal Measures. 
However, there are certain differences between the two 
lower divisions tending to sharply separate them. There are 
several important species introduced into the basal part of 
Series II which implies also a decided change in the geographic 
conditions at that time. These fossils are discussed below. 
It has been the custom of this Survey to refer to the rocks 
below the Bethany Falls limestone as Lower Coal Measures. 
In this case they would be coincident with Series I so far as the 
Kansas rocks are concerned. Jnasmuch as the faunal grouping 
and the geologic history of the rocks lends itself so well to this 
classification we see no objection to the continuation of the cus- 
tom. However, the Lower Coal Measures of Kansas must not 
be confounded with the basal Coal Measures of other countries 
or even of other regions in the United States. The uncon- 
formity between the Mississippian and the Coal Measures as 
represented in southeastern Kansas is a profound one, and it is 
probable that a very large part of the missing record belonged 
to the rocks above the Mississippian. In Arkansas and eastern 
273. Doctor Bennett records a specimen of this species from the Bethany Falls 
limestone. However, it is extremely rare below the Lane shales. 
