348 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
Willard shales below. Myalina permiana Swall. appears first 
in the Eskridge shales, while Schwagerina sp. appears only 
in the Neva limestone. The number of species with Permian 
affinities is augmented in the higher horizons, as will be 
pointed out later. 
The top of the series is taken as the top of the Neosho (or 
Garrison) formation, where a considerable change in the na- 
ture of the fauna is supposed to occur, and which is at present 
considered as the top of the Pennsylvanian. The Permian 
vertebrates described from Cowley county by Dr. S. W. Willis- 
ton are from the upper Neosho formation. From these facts 
it is evident that Permian characters are a strong feature 
separating this series from Series III. Indeed, it may be nec- 
essary to lower the present limit of the Permian down into 
Series IV, or even to its base. However, the authors do not 
care to commit themselves until the study of the Permian 
fauna begun by one of them (Beede) is completed. 
Stage I.—This stage consists of the Elmdale formation, 
Neva limestone and Eskridge shales. The important species 
introduced in this stage have been mentioned in the preceding 
paragraph. Spiriferina kentuckiensis (Shum.), Aulopora 
anna Beede, Productus symmetricus McChes. and Aulacorhyn- 
chus millepunctatus M. and W., all important species of the 
lower horizons, are unknown above the Elmdale formation. 
The same things may be said of Hustedia mormoni (Marc.), 
Polypora elliptica Rog., Chonetes glaber (Gein.), and the al- 
most omnipresent Spirifer cameratus Mort., from the Neva 
limestone. Aviculopecten occidentalis Shum. and Parapar- 
chites humerosus U. and B. culminate in the Elmdale forma- 
tion. There is a layer of stone nearly a foot thick just west 
of Manhattan, on Cedar creek, almost entirely composed of 
the shells of this ostracod. | 
The Foraminifera determined by Erich Spandel were prob- 
ably from the Neva limestone, at Hooser. If not, they were in 
all probability from the rocks of this stage. More careful 
search and the sectioning of the rocks will determine this. 
They represent both Coal Measures and Permian species, and 
he styles the rock from which they came as “Permo-carbon- 
iferous.” The application of the specific name “postcarbon- 
ica” to one of them is suggestive. 
Inasmuch as the foraminiferal rocks of the Kansas section 
have not been sectioned sufficiently to give an adequate idea of 
