70 
those of the fore feet abruptly rounded at the end; those of the hind feet 
are much narrower and more pointed. The muffle is broad and naked, 
having much the same form as in the domestic ox. The short tail has 
the long hairs restricted to a tuft at the end. 
In winter the head, neck, legs, tail, and whole under parts are blackish 
brown; the upper surface of the body lighter. The color above becomes 
gradually lighter towards spring; the new, short hair in autumn is soft 
dark-umber, or liver-brown. In very old individuals, the long, woolly 
hair over the shoulders bleaches to a light yellowish-brown. Young 
animals are generally wholly dark-brown, darkest akout the head, on the 
lower surface of the body, and on the limbs. The young calf is at first 
nearly uniform light chestnut-brown, or yellowish-brown, with scattered 
darker hairs on the belly, where are also occasionally small patches of 
white. Toward autumn the light yellowish color is replaced by a darker 
brown that characterizes the older animals. After the first few months 
the younger animals are darker than they are later in life; at middle 
age the coat, especially over the shoulders, becomes lighter, and pre- 
sents a bleached or faded appearance, which increases with age. The 
horns, hoofs, and muffle are black, the hoofs being sometimes edged or 
striped with whitish. The woolly hair over the shoulders is much longer, 
and more shaggy than elsewhere on the body; it increases in length on 
the neck above, eradually losing its woolly character, and between the 
horns attains a length of ten to fourteen inches, nearly concealing the 
ears and the bases of the horns, and often partially covers the ears. The 
long hair advances also on the face, where it decreases in length and 
becomes more woolly again, extending far forward in a pointed area nearly 
to the nose. The chin and throat are also covered with long hair, which 
under the chin forms an immense beard eight or ten inches to a foot or 
more in length. Thick masses of long hair also arise from the inner 
and posterior surfaces of the upper part of the fore legs, where the hair 
often attains a length of six or eight inches. A strip of long hair also 
extends along the crest of the back nearly to the tail. The tail is cov- 
ered with only short, soft hair till near the tip, from which arises a tuft 
of coarse, long hair, twelve to eighteen inches in length. The hinder 
and lower portions of the body and legs are covered with a short, soft, 
woolly hair. This is moulted early in spring, after which, for a few 
weeks, the hinder portions of the body are quite or nearly naked. The 
shoulders retain permanently the long, shagey covering, which, with the 
long hair of the neck and head, gives them (especially during the moult- 
ing season) a singularly formidable aspect. 
The female, as already stated, is much smalier than the male, with a 
