Y84. BIRDS—TANAGRIDA. 
PyRANGA RUBRA (L.) V. 
Scarlet VTanacer. 
Tanagra rubra, KIRTLAND, Ohio Geolog. Surv., 1838, 164.—ReAD, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. 
Sci., vi, 1853, 395. 
Pyranga rubra, AUDUBON, iii, 1841, 229.—Barirp, P. R. R. Rep., ix, 1858, 301.— 
WHEATON, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 364; Reprint, 1861, 6; Food of Birds, ete., 
Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1874, 564; Reprint, 1875, 4.-Lanepon, Cat. Birds of Cin., 1877, 
7; Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1878, 113; Reprint, 4; Revised List, Journ. Cin. 
Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1879, 174; Reprint, 8. 
Tanagra rubra, LINNEZUS, Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 314. 
Pyranga rubra, VYEILLOT, Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, iv. 
Male scarlet, with black wings and tail; bill and feet dark. Female clear olive-green, 
below clear greenish-yellow ; wings and tail dusky, edged with olive. Young male, at first 
like the female; afterward variegated with red, green, and black. Length, 7-74; wing, 
4; tail, 3. 
Habitat, Eastern United States and southern border of Canada; west to the Plains; 
south to Ecnador. Cuba. Jamaica. 
Very common summer resident. Breeds. Arrives the last week in 
April and remains till the latter part of September. This beautiful 
bird, often known as the Black-winged Redbird, is chiefly an inhabitant 
of retired woods. On its migration it may be seen following the wooded 
banks of streams, and in groves. At such times it is usually rather shy, 
seeking concealment, if any is afforded, in the young foliage; otherwise 
it sits quiet, in a rather stupid manner, and feigns to ignore the presence 
of an intruder. Its ordinary note isa sharp ‘“‘chuc:,” but when breeding 
the male has a peculiar song, given somewhat in the manner of the 
Robin, but of fewer notes. As a breeding resort, they prefer mixed 
woodland. The nest is placed on the horizontal branch of a low tree, 
from ten to twenty feet from the ground; it is flat, having but a slight 
depression, and composed of strips of bark, fibres, and rootlets, and lined 
with fine roots. The eggs are four or five, ight-bluish, thickly spotted 
with brown and purple. They measure .90 by .65. fro 
In the fall the males lose their bright colors, and become similar to 
the females, but with us, in August and September, the old males retain 
their black wings and tail. In the fall, they sometimes visit the gardens 
of the city. 
PYRANGA ESTIVA (L.) V. 
Summer Redbird. 
Tanagra estiva, AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 232.—KirTLAND, Ohio Geolog. Surv., 1838, 
164, 183.—READ, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi, 1853, 395. 
