BRONZED GRAKLE; CROW-BLACKBIRD. 361 
Oriolus ferrugineus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 393. 
Quiscalus ferrugineus, BONAPARTE, Obs. Wils., 1824, No. 46. 
Scolecophagus ferrugineus, SWAINSON and RICHARDSON, Fn. Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 285. 
Male in summer lustrous black, the reflections greenish, and not noticeably different 
on the head; but not ordinarily found in this condition in the United States; in general 
glossy black, nearly all the feathers skirted with warm brown above, and browish yel- 
low below, frequently continuous on the foreparts; the male of the first season, like 
the female, is entirely rusty brown above, the inner quills edged with the same; a pale 
superciliary stripe; below, mixed rusty and grayish black, the primaries and tail above 
black ; billand feet black at all times. Longth, male about 9; wing 44; tail 34; bill 
#; female smaller. 
Habitat, Eastern Province of North America, west to Kansas, Nebraska and Dakota; 
thence obliquely in British America to the Pacific in Alaska. Breeds frem Northern New 
England northward. In winter generally dispersed over the Middle, Western and 
Southern States. 5 
Common spring and fall migrant in March, April and October. Inthe 
spring they appear usually in small flocks making their way north- 
ward along streams and seldom seen ata distance from water. These are 
in winter plumage or moulting; later, during April, a considerable num- 
ber linger about ponds and swamps, and before leaving us acquire their 
full breeding plumage. Inthe fall they have their rusty coats on their 
arrival. 
Their nests are placed in low trees and bushes and the eggs are 
- described as measuring a little over an inch in length by three-fourths of 
an inch in width. The ground color is light greenish or grayish, 
thickly dotted with reddish- and purplish-brown, without streaks or 
lines. 
GENUS QUISCALUS. Vieillot. 
‘Bill as long as the head, stout. Wings in the male shorter than the long, conpicuously 
graduated tail. . 
QUISCALUS PURPUREUS (Bart.) Licht. 
var. HNEUS Ridgway. 
Bronzed Grakle; Crow Blackbird. 
— Quiscalus versicolor, KIRTLAND, Ohio Geolog. Surv., 1638, 162, 180.—ReabD, Fam. Visitor, 
iii, 1853, 327; Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi, 1853, 395.—WueEaTon, Ohio Agric. 
Rep. for 1860, 367; Reprint, 1861, 9. | 
Quiscalus purpureus, WHEATON, Food of Birds, etc.. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1874, 567; Re- 
print, 1875, 7.— LANGDON, Cat. Birds of Cin., 1877, 10. , 
Quiscalus purpureus, var. eneus, LANGDON, Revised List, Journ. hin, Soc. Nat. Hist., 
1879, 177; Reprint, 11; Field Notes, ib, iii, 1880, 125. 
Crow Blackbird, fee iky, Fam. Visitor, i, 1850, 1—BaLuiou, Field and Forest, iti, 
1878, 136. 
NY 
