KINGBIRD. | 367 
curved. Culmen rounded or flattened. Gonys flattened, Commissure straight, or nearly 
so, to the tip. Nostrils small, circular, basal, overhung but not concealed by bristles. 
' mouth capacious, with broad and deeply fissured rictus, beset with numerous long, 
strong bristles. Feet small and weak. Tail of twelve feathers. 
GENUS TYRANNUS. Cuvier. 
Wings long, the outer primaries rather abruptly attenuated near the end (in the adult), 
longer than the nearly even tail. . 
TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS (Gm.) Temm. 
I<ingbird: Wee Martin, 
Muscicapa tyrannus, KIRTLAND, Ohio Geolog. Surv., 1838, 163. 
Tyrannus intrepidus, READ, Fam. Visitor, iii, 1853, 351; Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vi, 
1853, 395.— KIRKPATRICK, Ohio Farmer, viii, 1859, 355. 
Tyrannus carolinensis, WHEATON, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 362; Reprint, 1861, 4; Food of 
Birds, etc., Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1874, 568; Reprint, 1875, 8.—Lanepon, Cat. Birds 
of Cin., 1877, 10; Revised List, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1879, 177; Reprint, 
11; Summer Birds, ib, iii, 1880, 224.—JoNnEs and SHuULZzE, Illus. Nests of Ohio 
Birds, Part 2, 1879, Plate 6. 
Lanius tyrannus, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 136. 
Lanius tyrannus var. carolinensis, et ludovicianus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 302. . 
Tyrannus carolinensis, TEMMINCK, Tabl. Meth., 24. 
Muscicapa tyrannus, WILSON, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 66. 
Tyrannus intrepidus, VIEILLOT, Gal. Ois., 1, 1824, 214. 
Two outer primaries obviously attenuate. Above blackish, darker on the head; 
crown with a flame colored patch; below pure white, the breast shaded with plumb- 
eous; wings dusky, with much whitish edging; tail black, broadly and rather sharply 
tipped with white, the outer feather sometimes edged with the same. Bill and feat 
black. Young without the patch; very yoang birds show rufous edging of wings and 
tail, Length about 8 inches; wing 44; tail 34; bill under 1. 
Habitat, North America at large, north to 57° or further; west to the Rocky 
Mountains, Oregon, Washington Territory, and British Columbia. South to Peru. 
Cuba. 
Abundant summer resident. Breeds. Arrives late in April and re- 
mains till the middle of September. 
Ihe King-bird is noted for the audacious bravery with which it defends 
itsnest. No bird is too large or too active to escape its determined attacks, 
and its pursuit is unremitting till the intruder is driven to seek safety 
from its impetuous assailant in distant and often difficult flight, No 
sooner, however, is the breeding season over than our hero loses his 
combativeness, and becomes as meek and peaceable as other birds, not 
even sounding his jingling war note. 
In the vicinity of this city the King-bird has increased in numbers 
with the removal of forests, in which itis seldom found. It frequents 
