970 FISHES—PERCIDA. 
Habits—It lives in rapids in clear water, and does not ascend small 
streams. 
: . GENUS 76. PERCINA. Haldeman. 
Percina, HALDEMAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1842, 330. 
Pileoma, DEKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 16. 
Asproperca, HECKEL, MSS. in Canestrini Systema der Percoiden, 1860, 311. 
Type, Perca nebulosa, Haldeman = Sciena caprodes, Ratnesdne: 
Etymology, Latin, Percina, a little perch. 
Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with small ctenoid scales; lateral line 
continuous; ventral line with enlarged plates, which fall off, leaving a naked strip; 
head depressed, rather pointed, the mouth being small and inferior, overlapped by a 
tapering, subtruncate, pig-like snout; upper jaw not protractile ; teeth on vomer and 
palatines; gill-membranes scarcely connected ; dorsal fins well separated, the first the 
larger, of 13-15 spines; the second dorsal rather larger than the anal, which has two 
spines, the first of which is usually the shorter; a rudimentary air-bladder and 
pseudobranchize; vertebrae (P. caprodes) 19 plus 22; general pattern of coloration 
olivaceous, with dark vertical bands alternately long and short; largest of the darters. 
138. PErRCINA CAPRODES (Rafinesque) Girard. 
Loeg=-perch; Hog-fish; Rock-fish; Hog-moeolly. 
Sciwna caprodes, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Crit. Rev., 1818, 354. 
Hiheostoma caprodes, RAFINESQUE, Journal de Phys., 1819, 419.—RA¥FINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 
1820, 33.—KIRTLAND, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 13841, 346. 
Pileoma caprodes, VAILLANT, Recherches Etheost, 1873, 43. 
Percina caprodes, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 66.—JORDAN and Coekenn. 
Amer. Nat., 1876, 337, and of all recent American writers. 
Percina nebulosa, HALDEMAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1842, 330. 
Pileoma semifasciatum, DkKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 16. 
Percina bimaculata, HALDEMAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1843, 157. 
Etheostoma zebra, AGassizZ, Lake Superior, 1850, 308. 
Description —Body elongate, compresse_; head leng and pointed, depressed and ~ 
sloping above; mouth small, quite inferior, the maxillary not reaching nearly to the 
front of the eye; cheeks and opercles scaly; chest naked, space in front of spinous 
dorsal scaly ; fins rather low; color salmon-yellow or greenish, with about fifteen trans- 
verse dark bands from the back to the belly, these usually alternating with shorter and 
fainter ones, which reach about to the lateral line; a black spot at the base of the 
caudal; fins barred; head 4; depth 6; D. XV, 15; A II, 9; Lat. 1. ae Length 6 to 8 
inches, being much the largest in size of the Darters. 
Habitat, Quebec to Georgia, Lake Superior, and the Rio Grande, abundant in all 
streams, particularly in the basin of the Ohio. 
Diagnosis.—F rom other Darters this species may be known by the 
pointed and pig-like nose, and by the zebra-like black bands on the sides. 
Habits.—This species thrives in clear, rapid streams with gravelly bot- 
toms, and is generally abundant throughout Ohio. It is large enough to 
