982 2 FISHES—SCLANIDA. 
teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, or tongue; maxillary without supplemental bone, 
slipping under thexfree edge of the preorbital; premaxillaries protractile, but not very 
freely movable; nostrils double; pseudobranchie usually large, present in all our 
genera; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-rakers present; branchiostegals 7; gill- 
membranes separate, free from the isthmus; lower pharyngeals separate or united ; 
preopercle serrate or not; opercle usually ending in two flat points; dorsal fin deeply 
notched, or divided into twe fins, the soft dorsal being the longer, the spines depressible 
into a more or less perfect groove; anal fin with one or two spines ; ventral fins thoracic, 
1, 5; pectoral fins normal; caudal fins usually not forked ; ear bones very large; pyloric 
coca usually rather few ; air-bladder usually large and complicated (wanting in Menti- 
cirrus); most of the species make a peculiar noise, called variously croaking, grunting, 
drumming, and snoring; this sound is supposed to be caused by forcing the air from the 
air-bladder into one of the lateral horns; carnivorous; an important family of about 
25 genera and 125 species, found in all warm se2s, one species being confined to fresh 
waters; many of them reach a large size, and nearly all are valued for food. 
GENUS 83. HAPLOIDONOTUS. Rafinesque. 
Aplodinotus, RAFINESQUE, Journal de Physique, de Chemie et D’histoire Naturelle, 1819, 
418. 
Amblodon, RAnrecour Journal de Physique, 1819, 421 (based on the pay Dee teeth 
of A grunniens, erroneously ascribed to Ichthyobus bubalus). 
Haploidonotus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 103 (corrected orthography). 
Hutychelithus, JORDAN, Man. Vert. E. U.S., Ist Ed., 1876, 242. - 
Type, Aplodinotus grunniens, RAFINESQUE. : 
Etymology, haplois, a simple cloak to fit the body; notos, the back, in allusion to the 
_ scaly coating of the base of the second dorsal, supposed by Rafinesque to distinguish: 
this genus from Sciewna. 
Body oblong, the snout bluut, the back elevated and compressed; mouth rather 
small, low, horizontal, the lower jaw included; teeth in villiform bands, the outer 
scarcely enlarged; no barbels; pseudobranchie# rather small; gill-rakers short and 
blunt; lower pharyngeals very large, fully united, with coarse, blunt, paved teeth ; 
preopercle slightly serrate; dorsal spines strong and high, with a close fitting sheath 
at base, the two dorsals somewhat connected; second anal spine very strong; caudal 
double truncate; chin with five pores. But one species of this genus is certainly 
known. It has a wide distribution in the fresh waters of the United States. 
® 
156. HAPLOIDONOTUS GRUNNIENS Rafinesque. 
Sheeps-head; Whunder-pumper; Drum; Bubbler; Gruniting 
Pereh; White Perch: Croaker. . 
Aplodinotus grunniens, RAFINESQUE, Journal de Physique, Vol. 88, 1819, 418. 
Amblodon grunniens, RAFINESQUE, Ich. Oh., 1820, 24.—AGassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 
1854.—GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. and Surv., x, 1254, 96. 
Haploidonotus grunniens, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 104.—JoRpDan, Man. 
Vert., 1576; Man. Vert., 2d Ed., 1878. 
Sciena Pei ie SUEUR, Journ. Acad. Nat Sei. Phila., 1822, 252.—KIRTLAND, Rept. Zool. 
Ohio, 1838, 168, 192. 
