Py, - GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
brecciated, and often looks as though it was composed of the broken 
and worn debris of some other limestone. It is usually very hard and 
compact, and is never fossiliferous, the most careful search in hundreds 
of localities having failed to discover anything in the shape of fossils in 
it, except a minute univalve of almost microscopic proportions. The 
entire absence of organic remains from this limestone is a very singular 
feature when taken in connection with the fact that other limestones of 
the coal measures, both above and below it, are crowded ;with them, 
and it may well point to a marked difference in the condition of their 
deposition. This limestone may be of fresh water origin. . . . It 
contains so much earthy matter and other impurities that it is often 
very difficult to get it to slake, and hence it has rarely been burned. 
Its average thickness is about 3 feet.” 
The well-known Upper Freeport coal lies a few feet above it when 
the latter is present in the section. At about 40 feet below it is the 
place of the Lower Freeport coal, also an important seam. This coal 
also has a limestone, the Lower Freeport limestone, below it, and it 
agrees quite closely in general characters with the seam described above, 
| except that it is very much less persistent. A heavy sandstone frequently 
underlies the Lower Freeport coal. It is the Freeport Sandstone of 
the First Survey, and the Lower Freeport Sandstone of the Second 
Survey. An ore seam of some local value is often found at about 15 
feet below the Upper Freeport limestone. The interval between the 
two Freeport coals is also occupied by a sandstone in some cases, but 
generally it is filled with shale or clay. A bed of non-plastic fire-clay 
is quite a regular element in the series, the place of which is just below 
the Upper Freeport limestone. It is the Bolivar fire-clay of Indiana 
county, Pennsylvania. 
All of these elements have been recognized and described in Ohio 
Geology, though the continuity of the series has been sometimes lost in 
tracing it westward from Columbiana county. 
The Upper Freeport limestone of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, 
extends without interruption into Columbiana county, Ohio. It was 
here recognized in its true character by Newberry, though he frequently 
uses the local name White limestone in speaking of it. Newberry also 
identified the same stratum in Green township, Mahoning county. It 
is certain that the Goodman Hill limestone of this locality is one of the 
Freeport limestones, but it may prove to be the lower of the two. The 
