THE LOWER COAL MEASURES. 163. 
' 9, Tue Lower Krirrannine Coat. 
Synonyms.—Coal No. 5, Stark county .and southwestward; Coal No. 4, Leetonia ; 
Leetonia coal; Coal No. 3, Yellow Creek and Upper Ohio Valley ;. 
Creek Vein, Hammondsville; Potter’s Vein, East Liverpool and Ohio 
Valley; Clay Vein, East Liverpool and Ohio Valley; Mineral Point 
coal; Lower New Lexington coal ; New Castle coal of Lawrence county : 
In ascending the scale from the Clarion coal to the Kittanning 
coal, we have passed the most important and best-known horizon of the 
Lower Coal Measures, viz., the Ferriferous limestone. The coal now 
named, and the seam next above it, unite with the limestone to con- 
stitute a series as unmistakable and as easily followed as even the 
Mercer series of which we have already treated. Even where the lime- 
stone fails, the coals, one or both, continue in demonstrable persistency 
and identity, and have much to do in establishing the remarkable order 
which characterizes the Ohio coal field. 
Newberry was the first to recognize the great steadiness and wide 
reach of these seams. He showed their continuity from Stark county 
1o Perry county, the most important and fruitful service yet rendered 
to the geology of the Lower Coal Measures of the State. Andrews 
took up the series at the point where Newberry left it, and traced these 
two Kittanning coals, Newberry’s Nos. 5 and 6, through the leading 
coal field of Ohio, viz., the Hocking Valley field. He followed them 
with great sagacity ;through the various changes and disguises they 
undergo, as far south as the middle of Vinton county, but here his sec- 
tion was dislocated through a mistaken identification made by one of 
his assistants. Roy first pointed out the true order from Vinton county 
southward, and this order was subsequently demonstrated in my report 
on the Hanging Rock District, in Geology of Ohio, vol. III. 
Crandall has followed the series southward into Kentucky for 
about 50 miles, where these widely extended beds at last disappear. 
On the eastern border of the State, the true continuity of the 
Kittanning coals is for the first time shown in Chapter I of the present 
volume. They have been traced almost or completely across the State 
of Pennsylvania by the geologists of the Second Survey. The summing 
up of these facts would show the Kittanning coals stretching around 
almost the whole northern margin of the Appalachian field from Mary- 
land on the east to the central part of Eastern Kentucky on the south 
and west. 
