448 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
etc. The ore used was the nodular clay- iron-stone of the coal meas- 
ures. The furnace was built against the side of a hill, the rock of 
which formed one side of the furnace, was twice rebuilt, in 1816 and 
1837, and after making a few blasts was finally abandoned. The ruins 
of this pioneer furnace in the Ohio iron industry are yet visible, near 
the old Mt. Nebo coal mines, below Youngstown. In 1809, James 
Heaton erected a charcoal forge near the present city of Niles, which 
produced from the pig-iron of the Yellow Creek furnace the first 
malleable or bar iron made in the State. In 1811-1812 the second 
furnace in the State was built by James Rogers and others on Brush 
Creek, about 12 miles from the Ohio river in Adams county. It was a 
cold-blast charcoal furnace, using a limonite ore found in pockets in 
the Niagara limestone, which, according to Prof. Locke, is the pro- 
duct of the oxidation of nodules of iron pyrites, which are quite abun- 
dant at that horizon. In the same year, 1812, James Heaton built the 
Mosquito Creek furnace at Niles, near the forge he had already erected 
in 1809, and in the following year, 18:3, Daniel Eaton & Sons pur- 
chased the old Yellow Creek or Poland Furnace, and built another at 
Yellow Creek Falls, a few miles south. In the southern part of the 
State, in Adams county, the furnace built on Brush Creek was followed 
in 1816 by two other cold-blast furnaces in the neighborhood, one of 
which was called the ‘‘ Marble” furnace, and both using the same ore 
as the old Brush Creek furnace. About the same time two forges were 
built in the vicinity to produce bar iron from the Brush Creek furnaces. 
These iron works were all abandoned about 1826, when the rich de- 
posits of the Hanging Rock region were first discovered. In 1816 
Aaron Norton built a furnace at Middlebury, near Akron, in Summit 
county. This furnace was worked with ores of the coal measures until 
about the year 1840, when it was abandoned. In 1816 also the Mary 
Ann charcoal furnace was erected in Licking county, about 10 miles 
northeast of Newark, using the Lower Coal Measure ores of that region. 
From this time the manufacture of iron was established in the 
State, and in the Western Reserve numerous furnaces and forges were 
in operation in a few years. The ores used by these pioneer furnaces 
of Northern Ohio were principally the kidney or clay iron-stone of the 
Lower Coal Measures, derived mainly from accumulations in the val- 
leys, where they had been collected by the action of water and the 
weathering of the shales of the Coal Measures. Along the edges of the 
