IRON MANUFACTURE. 459 
The Mahoning Valley District. 
This includes the works situated at or near Youngstown and Cleve- 
land, in Mahoning, Trumbull and Cuyahoga counties. These works 
use the ores from the Lake Superior districts almost exclusively, but 
also some native ore. The blackband found in Stark, Mahoning and 
Tuscarawas counties, after being roasted at the mines, is shipped to 
several furnaces at Niles, Brier Hill and Youngstown. It is used with 
some Lake and Canada ores, to make a so-called “American Scotch” pig- 
iron. The ‘‘kidney” ores from Columbiana county are also a consid- 
erable source of supply ; these ores, occurring in rather extensive de- 
posits, as bars or gravel banks, along the Middle Fork of Little Beaver 
river, are there separated by picking and screening from the associated 
gravel, and then roasted in heaps or piles with coal slack. The ore 
thus roasted contains about 45 per cent. of iron on the average. The 
amount of this ore used is not large compared with the enormous con- 
sumption of Lake ores, but its cheapness makes it desirable in a 
certain proportion, as it can be furnished at Youngstown at from 
$3.00 to $3.25 per ton, while the Lake ores cost $6.00 to $8.00. 
Another available source of cheap ores is the deposit at Wam- 
pum, Lawrence Co., Pa., from which considerable ore at $3.00 to $3.50 
is sent to Youngstown and vicinity. ‘These ores are soft hydrated 
hematites, containing 40 to 45 per cent. of iron. The following analy- 
sis, furnished through the kindness of one of the furnace companies, 
illustrates its composition : 
“Wampum ORE.” 
SESHMIOSAG CLO le TOMEsaccrceadcedcoscs soacclssenceoslicsscdesed-ceceeeaneceosteceseres 64.29 
PAULIN Aeneas sce tena caetteccctieccecesonscecste sets SCE ROLE Aon Contin 5,90 
STIG, Sesotho SONS PA HEP ee RR Se pet elk eae 13.24 
Oxi Ge PMAN PAN CSEls oe cacanccccetieincccecit seees ost vcuinceseevetieteretuccscovcssieccis ease 1.52 
WG TION Opener esac taeees cucset cus ene lbec suse eceinness evveaecheusel comcesaceenes 40 
IMAG IMESI AN css. ciciivcces eueceseetes SMR ee nets SECO Re EH Gpue atinatagarton vcs AT 
Per OS PINOTICIACTC tas citi scenes Aaleldccaecsiinee saeaes <tanenenceagscervenneevsusacceecs A8 
Carboniclacidvand! -water-.........2-c5).-sesscesccsceseee esses. osbnisealsceet ee iN 13.98 
MO balleincre screen cecsetesc ce cee tear baece se ae eo ebesduaddacuemaneteths toteawes 100.28 
J. K. Sainn, Chemist. 
The following is a partial analysis of the New Lisbon kidney ore. 
The analysis was made of a single “kidney,” taken from the roasted 
pile, and represents possibly a rather better than average specimen : 
