470 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
This region of the iron manufacture in Ohio is entirely within the 
area of the Coal Measures, and in the eastern margin of their develop- 
ment in Ohio, and in an east and west direction nearly in the center of 
the Allegheny Coal Basin. In the northern part of the region, in 
Columbiana and Jefferson counties, the coals of the Lower Coal Meas- 
ures are finely developed, while in southern Jefferson and Belmont the 
upper series of coals come in, and at Wheeling the great bed of the 
Upper Coal Measures, Coal No. 8, or the Pittsburgh coal, is magnifi- 
cently exposed. In a general discussion of the iron manufacture of 
the Allegheny Coal Basin, this region, from the conditions of ore and 
fuel and its geographical relations, would be properly included in the 
group embracing the Pittsburgh region. The ores are the same, and 
probably can be obtained in the Ohio region as readily and cheaply 
as at Pittsburgh. 
The ores which supply the manufacture in this region are, excepting 
a small quantity of native ores which are sometimes used, especially at 
Leetonia, exclusively obtained from other States, namely, the specular 
ores of Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, in Missouri; the specular and 
magnetic of Lake Superior, and occasionally the magnetic ores of 
Canada. The native ores which are used are the clay ironstones or 
kidney ores of the Coal Measures. The quite wide distribution of these 
ores, and the particular accumulations at certain horizons in the Lower | 
Coal Measures are repeatedly referred to, but they are obtained in so 
small proportions that they are but a very unimportant element in the 
iron manufacture of the region. In Columbiana county at various 
places, as at Leetonia, Fredericktown, and the valley of the Beaver, 
the roof shale of Coal No. 6 is locally impregnated with iron so as to 
form a blackband iron ore, but it is not used in any of the furnaces. 
Over Coal No. 4a@ the limestone seam (the “Creek vein” of the 
Yellow Creek Valley), in Columbiana county, the kidney ore is quite 
abundant, and is found sometimes in tiers of nodules distributed through 
10 or 15 feet of shale. The upper part of the limestone is also in 
places sometimes a calcareous iron ore, as in the valley of the Beaver. 
Over Coal No. 6, the Leetonia seam, (the “Strip vein” of the Yellow 
Creek), there are also found quite considerable quantities of kidney 
ore in the Yellow Creek Valley. 
At Irondale the nodules were so abundantly scattered through the 
12 feet of shale overlying the place of the coal, that an attempt was 
