540 . GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
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CarDOniC: ACIM nero. csivecscccinesccsceseatescnnn se bsuscecweontnnecesces tecemorcen seeenenes 8.8 
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100.0 
And the calorific power (coal gas being taken at 24,000) 1,598, or 100 
cubic feet would heat 115 pounds of water from zero to boiling. 
The increase in heating power is probably even greater than this, 
as the gas carries over tar, etc, mechanically, which is far from all being 
deposited. The large amount of gas produced at the raw coal furnaces 
is due obviously to the large amounts of fuel used, and not to its nature. 
The following table gives a number of facts relative to the furnace 
practice of the State ; it is compiled from sources believed to be reliable ; 
in most every case the charges are taken directly from the books. 
As in the case of the charcoal furnaces, no attempt has been made 
to obtain figures from every furnace in the State—only a sufficient num- 
ber to show the variety and general character of the work. 
In the foregoing table, Nos. 1 to 4, inclusive, are furnaces in the 
Mahoning Valley district; Nos. 5 to 9, inclusive, furnaces in the Hang- 
ing Rock region, around Jackson and vicinity ; No. 10, a furnace at 
Ironton, on the Ohio river, and Nos. 12 and 14, inclusive, are runs 
made in Hocking Valley furnaces. 
The figures for iron produced, coal per ton of iron, limestone per 
ton of iron, etc., are uniformly stated in tons of 2,000 lbs. The prac- 
tice, however, at all furnaces, is to calculate tons of iron as 2,268 lbs., 
tons of ore and cinder at 2,240, and tons of coal at either 2,240 or 2,000 
lbs., according to the locality ; in all cases, however, the reduction has 
been made from the local ton used to the standard of 2,000 lbs. 
Calculating tons of 2,268 lbs. for iron, and tons of 2,000 lbs. for 
coal, the apparent consumption of fuel is much greater, and instead of 
2.95 as in No. 13, would be 3.33. 
One of the most interesting problems of the metallurgy of iron in 
Ohio is that relating to the smelting of native and other ores with raw 
coal. The practice has grown up without much help from scientific 
study, and without much investigation. The fact once ascertained, 
that raw coal would “do” to use in the furnace, little more was asked. 
Furnaces were built and iron was made without much care for what 
went into the furnace, so that iron came out at the bottom ; consequently 
