580 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
The most important quarry operations in these counties are carried 
on in Howland township, 3 miles northeast of Warren, Trumbull 
county. This stone had been known for many years, and was worked 
in a small way before the present company began operations. Thestone 
is adapted to the special use of flagging on account of the extreme reg- 
ularity of its beds, its composition, its strength, and its durability. In 
evenness of bedding it is remarkable among the quarries of the county. 
Blocks 10 feet square and 1% inches thick are extracted, which a straight- 
edge laid upon the surface would touch at every point. Slabs but 1 inch 
or 2 inches in thickness have such strength that they go without ques- 
tion into general use. ‘Their fine-grained composition causes them to 
wear in a uniform manner, and they always give a good foothold. The 
only defect in the quarry is that the north and south joints do not run 
evenly ; but, as these joints are so far distant from one another as to 
preclude the possibility of transportation of the included masses, this 
defect is of but little moment. In one case a single strip 150 feet long, 
5 feet wide, and 3 inches thick was raised in the quarry. The layers, 
although so very closely packed together, are perfectly distinct, adher- 
ing to each other scarcely more than sawed planks in a pile. 
All the townships in this neighoorhood avail themselves of this 
extraordinary supply of flagging, and the town of Warren is said to be 
the best paved town in the state; Mahoning avenue may be mentioned 
as exhibiting on its western side some of the finest flagging that has ever 
been laid. It has been sent to distant cities in northern Ohio, western 
New York, and western Pennsylvania, and examples of it may be seen 
in Pittsburgh, Mansfield, Hornellsville, Akron, ete. It has been used 
for general building purposes to a limited extent. } 
The quarries are drained by ditches with a constant good fall. In 
the flagging deposit proper there are found from four to seven courses, 
varying from 1 inch to 6 inches in thickness, the 6-inch course being 
the best and highest priced. The same general character of the stone 
holds in the adjacent territory, but is subject to some variation of quality. 
It is of a light gray color, and is the geological equivalent of the stone 
which is extracted from the Portsmouth and Buena Vista quarries at 
the southern extremity of the formation on the Ohio river. 
The Cuyahoga shales, in which the Austin flag-stones are found, 
occupy the highest position in the Waverly group in this county, and in 
the southwestern corner of the county the conglomerate of the Carbon- 
