240 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
Opnaburg coal: cei. c159 Sree WeeGle de o's sonst elses MOMA CINE a See a CAR Ra Ee te coer acetate Lord 
Moisture i665 SO EI i eo asc a ene 4.07 
Volatile am atten: ccdecccte scecok os sdock cae he ce ate ecte te oe ene eS Me 41.13 
Bixed  Garbome ss occ sec cscs sls ce bes eee as ee ee es 49,50 
PC) a EA er ee ee ie De Rey Pee APG AROS Bs Beer Soonecesesos 5.30 
Total eee a Bes RE, Se ee ae 100.00 
Sulphur Gs so cases access ws vane sioecewesis cossounecstetmeneasaecuaceceetoatecmareer 2.67 
These figures show a close correspondence with those given for the 
same seam at North Industry, but they indicate a slightly lower quality. 
Such differences as these, however, can well enough be referred to the 
accidents of sampling, but the analysis given above can be taken as 
typical of the Middle Kittanning coal, from Stark county westward to 
the central portions of Perry county, where, as it will be remembered, 
the seam changes quite abruptly in chemical and physical character as 
well as in volume. The volatile matter slightly exceeds 40 per cent. ; 
the fixed carbon always falls below 50 per cent.; the ash runs low, 
while the sulphur always exceeds 2 per cent., often occurring in double 
this amount. 
This seam is also worked at many points in Paris township, holding 
its thickness and general characteristics. In Sandy township, and also 
in Rose and Brown townships of Carroll county, which adjoin it, and 
which, like it, are traversed by the Big Sandy Valley, the two Kittan- 
ning coals are everywhere present, the lower rising and falling in 
volume as usual, but the upper seam maintaining its remarkable steadi- 
ness. It is here known as the Four-foot seam or Upper seam, but it 
seldom rises much above 3 feet in thickness. The lower coal is com- 
monly counted stronger as a heating coal, but it runs higher in sulphur. 
A few points will be noted in and adjacent to the valley, where these 
seams are now worked, and where their characteristics may be learned. 
The Lower Kittanning coal has been worked for many years on 
the farm of W. Baum, in Sandy township, near the county line, about 
3 miles north and east of Waynesburg. The coal has always been more 
highly esteemed than that of other mines accessible, and consequently 
mining is continued in it, although at considerable disadvantage. The 
mine is located in a valley, and the coal has but very light cover. A 
large part of this consists of the ordinary valley deposits of sand and 
gravel. There is really no roof to the mine, except what the miner 
