BUILDING STONE. 183% 
All of the waste material is devoted to this purpose, and nothing re- 
mains in the quarries except flint nodules. The modern kilns of the best 
construction are attached to some »f the quarries, and 300 or 400 barrels 
per day are turned out from one single quarry. Part of the thin stone 
goes to lake Superior for furnace flux, where it is highly esteemed, and 
a large trade in the lime has been built up at Duluth and in the northwest, 
and the best stone of the quarries is now being burned. Much of the 
stone is shipped to other points to be burned, and all along the lakes are 
kilns which are supplied from Marblehead and Kelley’s island. The 
Michigan Insane Hospital building at Pontiac and the government 
breakwaters at Erie were constructed of the Sandusky stone. 
At White House, in Lucas county, the same lower beds of the 
Corniferous are worked, and this is the only quarry which is operated 
to any extent on the Toledo, Wabash and Western railroad between 
Toledo and Wabash. Some of the material is shipped to Toledo, as there 
is a demand for it in winter, when, on account of the ice, the stone 
quarried near Sandusky cannot be shipped to Toledo by water. 
Near Defiance there is some stone quarried from the beds on the 
Miami river, and the same is true at Antwerp. The quarry at White 
House was not extensively worked until 1879, when the railroad track 
was laid into it. The cap-rock has been used for ballast on the rail- 
road, so that the stripping is accomplished without expense. 
The weathered rock which is used for ballast is from 2 to 8 feet in 
depth, and this is underlaid by 6 feet of gray-stone in courses of from 
6 to 10 inches in thickness, 6 feet of blue-stone in courses from 6 to 18 
inches in thickness, and one course of gray-stone 1 foot i0 inches in 
thickness. The bottom course is nearly uniform in thickness and is used 
for heavy bridge work. ‘The blue-stone is not of a decided blue color, 
like that of the Upper Corniferous at Sandusky, but is a kind of grayish- 
blue. 
Napoleon and Defiance, Ohio, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, furnish 
the principal markets for this stone. 
SUB-CARBONIFEROUS.—A quarry situated at Newtonville, about 8 
miles west from Zanesville, is the only one in Ohio from which lime- 
stones of sub-Carboniferous age are raised for building purposes. There 
are several large quarries in other exposures of this same horizon in 
southern Ohio that are worked exclusively for furnace flux and for lime- 
burning. The Newtonville stone is a beautiful material, very fine 
