686 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
rating establishments for those firms who do not do their own painting. 
At Wellsville, four miles from Liverpool, there are two more white- 
ware potteries. | The mammoth establishment of Knowles, Taylor & 
Knowles, manufactures at least twice as much white-ware as any two 
establishments in the United States. They employ over 500 men in 
their works, and there are nearly 700 men in their pay in the country. 
They use from 14 to 15 tons of clay daily, and turn out a crate of ware 
every ten minutes. Notwithstanding the enormous output, their work 
is as good as the English white-ware imported, which cannot be said of 
every American pottery. 
The reason for this frequent inferiority is, that no science is 
employed in our potteries; no chemists are consulted; only the tech- 
nical skill of the workmen has been exercised in production of ware, 
and it is greatly to our credit that the wares we produce take the rank 
they do; when English ware represents both science and technique as 
well, and ours means practical manipulation only. ,The value of wares 
produced in 1882 was $1,250,400.00, nearly $800,000.00 of which came 
from Liverpool. . | 
The last subdivision of pottery which occurs is that kind which is 
manufactured for ornamental purposes alone. This branch, of course, 
does not need any extended treatment, inasmuch as there is buta single 
establishment in Ohio devoted to it. It will be treated on a subse- 
quent page. 
REFRACTORY MATERIAL. 
The art of making refractory material is already classed in the 
beginning jof the section together with pottery, as the highest and most 
important branch of clay working. It well deserves this place, both by 
reason of the skill and science which may be applied to its prosecution, 
and by the important place that such materials take in many of our 
ereat industries. 
The manufacture arose in Ohio gradually as an accompaniment of 
the iron industry, on which it depends for support. The first refractory 
material used in the State was sandstone, but as soon as stone-coal began ~ 
to be used in blast furnaces the need of fire-brick was felt; its manu- 
facture has progressed, following to some extent the motions of its first 
guide, until now it exceeds largely the demands of home consumption. 
Refractory materials may be classified as fire-stones and fire-clays. The 
