CLAY MANUFACTURES. 703 
LININGS AND TILE. 
Besides the well-defined classes of refractory material which jhave 
been described there comes a last division which has no such clear 
definition, but which nevertheless needs some mention. 
Nearly all metallurgical industries have some special device which 
has to be made to order. They generally furnish a model to some brick 
factory, and let them furnish them with their whole supply. Also such 
work as making the different kinds of stove linings, and house-furnaces 
and grates, and a long list of similar necessities, engages the attention of 
several companies. There is little to describe about their manufac- 
ture—they do not require any great care of composition, and more hand- 
labor is employed to give a nice finish, but in all other respects they 
fall under previous descriptions. — 
The number of establishments engaged in the manufacture of re- 
fractory material is about forty-five. 
Of these forty-five works, about forty-one are engaged in making 
fire-brick, two in retorts and two in glass pots. Careful records of the 
development of these industries cannot be found, but from the census 
of 1880 the following figures were secured. The number of fire-brick 
made in Ohio in 1880, was 19,878,000, which gives Ohio second place 
in the manufacture of that article, the great iron and steel State, Penn- 
sylvania, alone exceeding this number. 
Those two branches which employ the most skill and capital of all 
clay working industries in Ohio, have been now described somewhat in 
detail. The branches remaining, with the exception of ornamental 
clay working, are those in which the commoner properties of clay are 
involved, and a lower order of skill, but their wide application make 
their production a large and important industry. They number two— 
the manufacture of building material and of pipe. 
BuILDING MATERIAL. 
The manufacture of building material is the commonest application 
to which clay working is put, and it holds precedence of all other 
branches of clay working in point of labor employed and value pro- 
duced. The commonest of all manufactured building material, brick, 
_ has of course been carried on since the earliest settlement of the State, 
but the other branches of the work are of more recent introduction. 
