CLAY MANUFACTURES. 709 
The manufacture of flues, linings and chimneys for building pur- 
poses is altogether done in the sewer-pipe works, and it will be easier to 
describe the manufacture under this head. 
The census of 1880 shows in the table of brick and tile that Ohio 
produced 296,224,000 common brick in the year, which gives it the 4th 
rank in the States, being surpassed by New York, Pennsylvania and 
Illinois. The State has 375 to 400 brick-yards ; Cincinnati has 38, and 
Cleveland 22. In the manufacture of pressed brick Ohio stands 7th, 
with only 10,365,000 brick to her credit. Under the head of tile, 
which, however, does not include drain-tile, Ohio stands second, Lli- 
nois holding the first rank. The value of goods under this heading 
is $676,405.00. 
Including fire-brick, common brick, pressed brick, tiles, drain-tile, 
and all other products under this head, Ohio holds 3rd place in the 
Union, with $3,481,291.00 value of products, and employing over 5,500 
hands. New York exceeds it only by $627,000.00, but Pennsylvania 
is considerably in advance. 
PreE-MAKING. 
The last large line of clay working to be described is that of pipe- 
making; it includes two very distinct branches—1, drain-pipe or tile ; 
2, sewer-pipe. ‘The former is made on a very large scale in a large part 
of the State; for wherever the country is flat enough to need draining, 
on that part is found the generous stock of drift-clays, from which to 
make the necessary tile. The works making drain-tile seem to be 
almost if not quite as frequent as brick-yards, and the business is con- 
stantly increasing as the farmers become more alive to the advantages 
attendant on its use. As for sewer-pipe, Ohio produces, according to 
the census of 1880, four times more pipe than any other State, and 
as much as the nine next largest put together. The shipping-books 
of the manufacturers show a market for their pipe in every State, and 
almost every large city in the Union. 
DRAIN PIPE. 
The steady and rapid growth of the production of drain-tile is one 
of the favorable signs of agricultural progress in the State. As the 
necessary qualifications are found in any good drift-clay, material is 
always athand. The working processes are equally simple and need but a 
