CLAY MANUFACTURES. 711 
much as the next highest State in the Union, and as much as the sum 
of the nine States next in rank. 
SEWER-PIPE. 
The importance of sewer-pipe manufacture, and the foremost posi- 
tion which Ohio takes in it, have been already mentioned. The subject 
is one of much interest, both as to the manufacture of the material and 
its proper use when made. The geographical! distribution of the sewer- 
pipe works in the State is as follows: Ist, the Jefferson county district, 
including eight large works; 2nd, the Akron district, including six 
large works; 3rd, the Columbus district, including two large works; | 
and 4th, several isolated works, of which the Haydenville factory is the 
largest. The commercial directories advertise a great many works as 
sewer-pipe establishments whose real line is the manufacture of drain- 
tile and such goods. There are two quite well-marked ways of making 
sewer-pipe, which leads to their classification usually as the river pro- 
cess (that used in the Ohio Valley in Jefferson county), and the Akron 
process (used at Akron and Columbus). Among the River Works, the 
Calumet company and Walker’s Works are the largest. The process 
is the same in all cases, and even extends into the manufacture of fire- 
brick as far as the grinding and tempering goes. The machinery and 
details have already been described under the manufacture of fire-brick, 
as well as the character of the clays of the district. 
When the clay-has been ground, sifted and tempered, ‘it is usually 
elevated by a belt to the upper story of the works, and deposited in a 
pin beside the top of the press. These presess are‘the;expensive part of a 
sewer-pipe plant; there are six kinds in use in the State, though three 
kinds are found in single instances only. The largest press in use in 
Ohio is at the Walker Works, Columbiana county. It was made by a 
Pittsburgh firm, and is the only one furnished by this’ establishment. 
The Calumet Works have also two English presses, brought over in the 
early days of the industry, but they have been almost made over. At 
the works of the Haydenville company, two presses are in use, made by 
Spencer, of Steubenville. ‘The other presses in use are made by Barber, 
of Akron, Stevenson, of Wellsville, and Taylor, Vaughn & Taylor, of 
Cuyahoga Falls. In those cases noted, the Barber press was in a little 
the widest use; the other two firms are about equally represented. All 
the machines act on the same principle, but the mechanical details dffer. 
