714 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
It is beginning to receive more credit than ever before, because its 
superior strength and durability are now being recognized. ‘The color 
of the river pipe is light-red; in spots, where the heat did not get 
access to it, it is light-buff, and in over-burnt portions, a dark red 
color, which has not a pleasing effect. The even, beautiful red color 
of the Akron and Columbus pipe have been the secrets which have 
given them the popularity above other kinds, but experience teaches 
that the color is not essential to the best results. The river pipe, on 
account of their light, red color, and mottled, spotted appearance, have 
not had popularity in the West, particularly in Chicago, the greatest of 
all markets, but they are constantly gaining ground there. 
There is in use among railroads and such companies a kind of pipe 
which is especially fitted for their purposes. It is called among manu- 
facturers the Cincinnati Standard, and the point of difference between 
it and the ordinary pipe in the market is in the thickness of the shell, 
which is % of its diameter, making a 24-inch pipe 2 inches thick instead 
of i¢ inches, as usual. This increased thickness is attained merely by 
diminishing the diameter of the conical core inside the mud-drum, and 
allowing a wider orifice through which the clay may pass. The river 
works make this pipe just as easily as they do the thinner kinds, and 
they claim an advantage here over their competitors who make no thick 
pipe. The names of the works engaged in clay working in the river- 
district from Steubenville to Liverpool are: 
Island Siding Fire Clay Co., Island Siding—brick. 
Jefferson Sewer Pipe Co., Toronto—sewer-pipe, brick and terra cotta. 
Forest City Works, J. Francy & Sons, Toronto—pipe, brick and terra cotta. 
Great Western Works, Francy and Dunspaugh, Toronto—pipe, brick and 
terra cotta. ‘ 
Calumet Works, Calumet Sewer Pipe Co., Calumet—pipe, brick and terra 
cotta. 
Excelsior Works, P. Connor & Co., Calumet—pipe, brick and terra cotta. 
Freeman’s Works, J. Freeman & Co., Elliottsville—pipe, brick and terra cotta. 
Enterprise Works, Porter, Minor & Co., McCoy’s—brick and linings. 
Adamantine Works, Wilkinson, Steward & Co., McCoy’s--terra cotta and brick. 
10. J. Lythe & Sons, Wellsville—sewer-pipe and drain-tile. 
11. N. U. Walker & Co., Walker’s Station—sewer-pipe, terra cotta and brick. 
f> 69 Oe 
ost 
So £9 Ss 
Of these various works, 8 are engaged in the manufacture of sewer- 
pipe and have in the aggregate 85 kilns in use. At the Calumet works 
alone, 17 are kept in constant use. This is claimed to be the largest 
sewer-pipe factory in the United States; its plant consists of 5 grinding 
