COAL SEAMS OF HOLMES COUNTY. 817 
shipping its coal. This is the Bowen mine, formerly Saunders’,! three 
miles south-west of Millersburg. A branch track from the Cleveland, 
Akron and Columbus Railroad brings the coal to Millersburg, whence 
it is shipped to various points between Akron and Columbus, or con- 
sumed upon the locomotives. The other mines of the county may be 
denominated country banks, their output being used for blacksmithing, 
generating steam, or domestic purposes within a few miles of the mine. 
Some disastrous mining enterprises have been undertaken in this 
county, which have perhaps created a prejudice against the field. The 
responsibility for the failures, however, should be placed where it properly 
belongs, upon a lack of familiarity with the field, an inadequate pre- 
liminary survey, together with carelessness and extravagance in the 
management of the work. ‘This does not demonstrate that these seams 
cannot be profitably mined upon the large scale. 
STRATIGRAPHICAL ORDER. 
The general arrangement of the rocks and coal seams of the 
county is shown in Fig. I. The county may be divided into two some- 
what distinct fields. The first, which occupies the south-eastern 
corner, is an extension of the Tuscarawas coal field, and should be 
considered with it. This field comprises the whole of German town- 
ship, the southern part of Walnut creek, and perhaps the south- 
eastern part of Berlin, including the town of Berlin. In this field the 
most prominent geological elements are, Ist, the Putnam Hill (lower- 
gray) limestone; 2nd, the Lower Kittanning coal (No. 5), lying about 
45 feet above the limestone, and, 3rd, the Middle Kittanning coal 
(No. 6), lying about 70 feet above the limestone. These identifications 
and intervals correspond with those of the adjacent portions of Tus- 
carawas county. For illustration, see Fig. V. 
The second field comprises the rest of Holmes county, in which the 
lower strata are found, and some apparent changes occur in the upper 
strata, of which the most striking is that the Middle Kittanning coal 
(No. 6) appears at about 25 feet above a gray limestone instead of 
70 feet, as in the first field, while the Lower Kittanning coal (No. 5) is 
missing. The best explanation that can now be given of this anomaly 
is as follows: The limestone in the latter case is the true Ferriferous 
(upper gray) which belongs about 25 feet above the Putnam Hill (lower 
52 G: 
