16 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 
another well, bored twenty miles above the mouth of the river, pipe was 
driven through clay and sand to the depth of 220 feet; the well begin- 
ning less than ten feet above the surface of the stream. In the valley of 
Grand river, at Painesville, Gen. J. 8. Casement drove a pipe 70 feet 
below the level of the stream without reaching the rock. Rocky river, 
seven miles west of Cleveland, runs in a trough which has rock bottom 
and sides ; it therefore shows an exception to the general rule which has 
Profile Section across the Cuyahoga Valley. 
CUYAHOGA 
LEVEL OF DAKH HRI. 
1. Conglomerate. 4. Bedford shale. 7. Old Flood plain. 
2. Cuyahoga shale. 5. Cleveland shale. 8. Erie clay in old valley. 
3. Berea grit. 6. Erie shale. 
been indicated; but a little west of the present mouth of Rocky river we 
find its ancient channel, now filled with clay, which extends to an un- 
known depth below the lake-level. Two miles above its mouth, Rocky 
river breaks into this old channel, and one of its banks is composed of 
clay, the other of rock. From this and similar instances we learn that 
the old channels of rivers were sometimes filled to the brim by subse- 
quent submergence, and when, ages after, these lines of drainage were 
re-established, new channels were formed, which have since been cut, in 
some cases, to the depth of 100 feet in solid rock. 
In parts of our country outside of Ohio, and in Europe, buried river 
channels, similar to those I have described, have frequently been met 
with. The filled-up channel of the Genessee at Portage, described by 
Prof. Hall in the Geology of the Fourth District of New York, pre- 
sents a case resembling that of Rocky river, just cited. Onondaga lake 
lies in an old excavated channel mainly filled with gravel, sand, etc. 
This channel is cut through the Onondaga salt-group, and the Salina 
salt wells are bored in it. The deepest of these extends 414 feet below 
the surface level of the lake, 7. e. 50 feet below the sea level, and it is not 
certain that rock was reached in this.—(Geddes Trans. N. Y. State Agri- 
cultural Society, 1859.) The long level of the Erie canal between Utica 
and Rome lies in the old, partially filled valley of the Mohawk, in which 
the rocky bottom is far below the surface—how far is not known, as it 
