THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 89 
division is not so distinctly marked, and the whole mass is generally 
more homogeneous; consisting of beds from one to five feet in thickness. 
At Independence the flagging stone has been mostly removed by glacial 
erosion, and the section opened in the quarries consists of from 25 to 380 
feet of massive sandstone. At Chagrin Falls the quarries of Mr. Hamil- 
ton Goodale are opened in the upper member, while the lower forms 
the ledge over which the water pours. 
In tracing the Berea grit eastward, it is seen to become less massive, 
and in the eastern counties the layers of sandstone are intercalated with 
beds of shale. On Oil Creek, and in other localities of western Pennsyl- 
vania, the Lower Carboniferous series is more uniform in lithological char- 
acter, and the Berea grit is hardly distinguishable; the whole mass there 
consisting of alternations of sandstone and shale, the upper portion being 
more arenaceous and the lower more argillaceous than in Ohio. | 
In tracing the members of the Waverly group southward toward the 
central and southern parts of the State, a similar change was remarked, 
as will be seen by the sections of this formation at various localities 
given below. Even as far south, however, as the Ohio, the horizon of 
the Berea grit is marked by an unusual prevalence of sandy matter, 
and the famous City Ledge, quarried at Waverly and at various other 
localities in that section of the State, is probably its equivalent. Its 
greatest development seems to be in the north-western portion of 
the area which it underlies, as in Lorain county, at Hlyria, Amherst, 
etc. Here the sandstone group has a thickness of sixty feet, and is 
more massive throughout than any where else within the limits of the , 
State. 
In Michigan this group is apparently represented by the Napoleon 
sandstone of Winchell, which has a thickness of 107 feet, while the over- 
lying Cuyahoga shales have, perhaps, as their equivalent, the Michigan 
Salt group, 184 feet thick. | | 
From these facts it would seem that this arenaceous material was de- 
rived from the north-west, and that in the Ohio localities, where the 
Berea sandstone is exposed, the group is thickest and coarsest where it 
approaches nearest to the Michigan outcrops. Going east and south 
from Lorain county—the point of greatest development of this formation 
within our State—its arenaceous material progressively diminishes, until 
in Kentucky or Tennessee scarcely any sandstone, properly speaking, 
is found in the series, and in eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania 
argillaceous material, derived from an eastern source, enters into the 
composition of the beds. At Mansfield the Berea grit is seen to be con- 
verted into highly colored red and yellow sandstone, much softer than 
