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THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 177 
and the fruits, such as Trigonocarpum, Cardiocarpum, and Rhabdocarpum. 
Among ferns this flora is specially rich in Sphenopteris and Hymenophyl- 
lites, of which several new species will be found described in the palzon- 
tological portion of this volume. Many well-known species found here 
may be mentioned—Sphenopteris latefolia, Brong.; S. macilenta, L. and H.; 
S. obtusiloba, Brong.; 8. Gravenhorsiw, Brong.; S. Dubwissonis, Brong. ; 
S. artemisixfolia, Brong.; S. Newberryi, Lesq., etc. Of Odontopteris the only 
species I have seen in Ohio—with the exception of a new one that occurs 
at a higher level—are found with the lower coal. Alethopteris is repre- 
sented by a great number of individuals, the roof-shales in some places 
being thickly matted with them, but the number of species is small. In 
Ohio A. lonchitica, Brong., is found abundantly in connection with the 
lower coal, and, so far as my observation has extended, nowhere else. 
But in Indiana it occurs at a higher level ; and in Nova Scotia, according 
to Dawson, it runs through the entire series. A. Serli, Brong., I have 
never seen in the flora of the lower coal, but it is found abundantly in 
some localities over Coal No. 5. The Neuropterids are common in the 
flora of the lower coal and comprise a number of species, such as Neurop- 
_ teris cordata, Brong.; N. hirsuta, Lesq.; N. acutifolia, Brong.; N. tenucfolia, 
Sternb. ; N. Loshit, Brong. Newropterss flecwosi, Sternb., so common with 
the upper coals, I have never seen in the flora. Coal No. 1. Of Hymen- 
ophyllites we have H. furcatus, Brong., H. spinosu: Goep., and several new 
species. Of the genus Pecopteris very few species are found here, as it is 
much more characteristic of the upper coal flora. Among the commonest 
is Pecopteris plumosa, Brong., one of the most beautiful ferns of the coal 
flora. As might have been anticipated from the abundance of Calamites 
in the flora of Coal No. 1, Sphenophyllwm, Asterophyllites, and Annularia 
are found in abundance. Sphenophyllum erosum is common, but Sph. 
Schlotheimi, Brong., so far as my observation extends, belongs to the 
upper flora. The most common Annularia is a small one, which has been 
considered identical with A. sphenophylloides, Ung., but it is quite dis- 
tinct from the variety or species described as A. brevifolia by Brong., and 
which does not occur below Coal No. 4. Perhaps the most peculiar and 
striking plants of the flora of Coal No. 1 are Whittleseya elegans, Newb. ; 
Antholithes priscus, Newb.; Neriopteris lanceolata, Newb.; Polysporia mirabilis, 
Newb., and the species of Alethopteris and Odontopteris described in our 
first volume. 
dd. The flora of the Middle and Upper Coal Measures. This begins 
with Coal No. 4, and is characterized by the great abundance of ferns, 
and especially of Pecopterids. Here we first find Pecopteris arborescens, 
Brong.; P. cyathia, Brong.; P. arguta, Brong.; P. oreopteridius, etc. Dictyop- 
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