REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1907 217 
each segment; and on these same abdominal segments on the dor- 
sum, but not extending down on the sides, there are transverse bands 
of scurfiness differentiated from the general pubescence, in corre- 
sponding positions. The dorsum is covered with close set pubes- 
cence, greenish brown in color with an interrupted middorsal row 
of alternating paler dots and cross marks. 
The respiratory disk of the larva |fig. 10] is.channelled on 
the median line, with sloping sides that fold together when 
under water. Its border is fringed with short hairs, and is 
GeSiittvemOrmlesiy tubercles. lhe: spiracles are ovale) Hout 
retractile fleshy anal gills are protruded for respiration under 
water, when the disk is closed. : 
The pupa, withdrawn from its tube [fig. 9] is smooth and 
shining, pale brownish on ends, and measures 8 mm in length 
and —.5 mm in diameter. The front of the thorax is upcurved 
dorsally. The respiratory processes of the 
prothorax are broad, laterally flattened, 
obtuse at apex and each bears a basal re- 
curved sharp hook on its dorsal side. The 
numerous minute divisions of the spiracu- 
lar orifice are arranged in a semicircular 
row along the obtuse tip of the process. 
The dorsum of the thorax shows a faint 
fretwork of raised lines on its surface. 
The abdomen is smooth, but bears transverse lines of scurfy 
pubescence in positions corresponding to those already de- 
scribed for the larvae. The abdomen terminates in a pair of 
stout, sharp recurved hooks. 
DA, 
WMT es, 
S) At yy, % 
Cu, 
Chay, 
WW 
ght 
. Fig. ro 
In all the pupae found except a few of the oldest, that were 
nearly ready for transformation, there were chitin tubes protruding 
from the spiracles of the middle abdominal segments. These were 
the linings of the larval tracheae, not wholly withdrawn from the 
spiracles. It is possible that these may serve a respiratory function 
for a pupa provided otherwise with only aerial respiratory ap- 
paratus yet living within the reach of the higher waves: that is to 
say, they may possibly act as do the tube gills of the Simulium 
pupa, obtaining oxygen from the water flowing over them. In 
that case both larva and pupa would be amphibious in respiratory 
habits. 
Venation of the wings of Tipulidae 
The framework of the wing of a crane fly consists of six, seven 
or eight longitudinal veins, that are joined together at base and apex 
by a few cross veins. ‘These principal veins are free in their middle 
