BAILEY. | Methods of Calculation. 91 
METHODS OF CALCULATION AND OF STATING RESULTS. 
Tt is important to inquire what is the simplest method of 
stating results in a chemical analysis. We determine so much 
silica, calcium, oxid, sulfuric anhydrid, chlorin, etc.; so it has 
seemed to the author best to use what he has termed ‘‘radicals’’ ; 
but even here, if he includes sodium oxid, there is an assump- 
tion that this is really the condition in which sodium should be 
combined. On this account, therefore, if we would state the 
exact result of the analysis, we can only do so in terms of 
ions (see chapter V ), following practically the report of the com- 
mittee of the A. A. A. 5.,” appointed at the Buffalo meeting. 
Tons and Radicals.—In stating the results, then, the ions 
are first reported, then the radicals, calculated from these 
lons; next, the probable combinations of the basic and acid 
ions, all in grams per liter; and finally the probable combina- 
tions, in grains per gallon. The method of expression by radi- 
cals will enable the chemist to better report the relative amounts 
of each substance found, while, if he wishes to report the actual 
elements determined, he can find them in the column marked 
‘‘ions.’’. It is true, in writing the radicals, we have included 
carbonic anhydrid and water, with the understanding, how- 
ever, that these are usually ‘‘calculated,’’ and not determined. 
Now it practically happens that there is considerably more 
carbon dioxid than is necessary to combine with the bases with 
which we assume the combination takes place. This is of 
course due to the well-known solubility of carbonic anhydrid 
in cold water. In making the lst of radicals, we have as- 
sumed, as above noted, that a certain amount of oxygen was 
united with the metals giving us Na.O, K.O, etc.; but we know, 
in comparing the sum of the individual constituents with the 
total solid residue, that often a part at least of the sodium was 
combined with chlorin, for instance, so that the oxygen of these 
radicals does not really belong there, and should be subtracted. 
It is true we have made arbitrary comparisons, as some one has 
said, which cannot be proved. Nevertheless, for convenience of 
comparison, this method is adopted. 
38. J. Anal. Chemistry, vol. III, p. 398. 
