106 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
of tools, through friction in the swivel, which is of positive ad- 
vantage, as it keeps the hole round, but if it is continued in one 
direction to the end of the feed the rope will have become very 
much tangled. This is obviated by allowing the drill to turn 
while feeding for several revolutions, then reversing the direc- 
tion of the turning of the swivel, at the same time feeding as 
before. By making the same number of turns first in one di- 
rection and then in the other, the rope is kept free of twist and 
tangle. The strokes of the walking-beam range from thirty to 
forty-five per minute. Shifts change at noon and midnight. 
The sand-pump is geared up so that it can be raised at a high 
speed, with a minimum loss of time. Itis lowered by gravity. 
It is customary, at the beginning of operations, to sink the 
first 50 or 100 feet of the hole by driving the casing as a drive- 
pipe and sand-pumping the material from the inside. In con- 
nection with the driving of the casing, the line of tools, without 
the jars, may be employed. It is raised and dropped, thus 
loosening up the material at the bottom of the hole and facili- 
tating the driving of the casing. The walking-beam is not 
brought into use in this preliminary work, movement being 
given to the drill by a loop of rope passing over the crank upon 
the power-wheel and inclosing the drill rope, as it descends 
from the sheave above, at some distance above the bull-wheel. 
The bull-wheel, being held fast, causes the line of tools to rise 
as the rope is pulled from a straight line by the rotation of the 
power-wheel. The amount that the drill is raised will depend 
on the position of the crank upon the power-wheel ; 7. e., whether 
the radius is long or short. The operation of sinking the hole, 
until the full length of the line of tools can be employed, is 
known as spudding. A record is obtained by preserving the 
cuttings raised by the sand-pump, and when care is taken a 
very complete log is possible. 
Description of the Diamond Driil_—The diamond drill em- 
ployed in deep-well boring is provided with a hydraulic feed, 
which consists of a cylinder through which passes the hollow 
drill-rod. Enclosing the drill-rod is the so-called drive-rod, 
which in turn is enclosed by the piston-rod. To one end of the 
