CHAPTER XIX. 
GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL SPRINGS AND 
eh WELLS. 
BY W. R. CRANE. 
The object of this chapter is to give the formations in which 
the wells and springs discussed in this report occur, together 
with a statement regarding the probable source of their waters. 
It is often difficult, by simply examining the log of a well, to 
determine which of a series of water-bearing strata is respon- 
sible for the supply. 
Wells are often sunk several hundred feet below the stratum 
which is the main source of supply. Such wells, although 
cased below the water-bearing strata, may still draw their 
waters from them. It is, therefore, not uncommon to find 
wells ranging in depth up into the hundreds of feet which 
are fed by water-sheets only a hundred feet or so below the 
surface. Such a condition of affairs is rather confusing when 
considered from the standpoint of the normal arrangement of a 
well. Many wells in which the water rises a considerable dis- 
tance after completion illustrate the condition of affairs stated 
above, which is, however, frequently attributed to hydraulic 
waters, or those having to a limited degree the artesian princi- 
ple. ? 
Distributed throughout the different geological areas, wells 
have been chosen, which, with generalized sections, are taken 
to illustrate, as nearly as possible, the geological sequence and 
association of strata passed through, together with the water- 
_ bearing strata, which are, or probably are, the source of waters 
obtained. 
The wells and springs are taken up in the order of the distri- 
bution of the geological areas, proceeding from the eastward to 
21—Vii (323) 
