324 University Geological Survey of Kansas. 
the westward. This arrangement seems the simplest and most 
logical, as it groups all of the sources of supply into districts, 
thus facilitating their discussion ; otherwise they would be scat- 
tered indiscriminately over the whole area of the state, produc- 
ing a complexity and confusion of arrangement. 
The order of the geological areas chosen for this discussion is 
as follows: Sub-, Lower and Upper Carboniferous, Permian, 
Red Beds (or Upper Permian), Cretaceous (which may, for con- 
venience in this connection, be divided into the Dakota and the 
Upper Cretaceous), and lastly the Tertiary. 
Discussion of Wells and Springs by Formation. 
SUB-CARBONIFEROUS. 
Cherokee County. Ball’s mineral well is located near the out- 
crop of the Sub- and Lower Carboniferous strata. It obtains 
its waters from the Sub-Carboniferous. . 
Cave and Chico springs, in the neighborhood of Galena, are 
located in the Sub-Carboniferous strata and draw their waters 
from tbe highly fissured limestone and chert formations, which 
are so productive of lead and zinc in Kansas and Missouri. 
Baxter springs are located just east of the outcrop of the 
Lower Carboniferous. They have as a source of supply the 
Sub-Carboniferous. 
LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 
Cherokee County. The Columbus well, although situated 
several miles west of the eastern limit of the Lower Carbonifer- 
ous, passes through the same and penetrates the Sub-Carbon- 
iferous and derives its supply from the same. 
Crawford County. The Pittsburg city well was sunk as a 
prospect hole, but is used at present as a source of water-sup- 
ply for the city. It passes through the Lower Carboniferous 
and Sub-Carboniferous and penetrates the Lower Silurian, but 
probably draws its supply from the Sub-Carboniferous. The 
Cherokee well also obtains its waters from the Sub-Carbonifer- 
ous. 
The Girard well receives its supply from the lower strata of 
