very long as is usual in the group which includes 
this species, Teeth rather slender, no teeth on 
vomer or palatines. Scales. small, thin; lateral 
line running along side of belly, becoming median 
on the tail. Dorsal fin a little elevated anteriorly, 
with weakly concave free margin; pectorals 
moderately long; ventrals small, inserted behind 
middle of body. Bones greenish. Back deep-blue, 
lighter below; there is a broad blackish margin 
to dorsal fin. A fish of southern Japan, Widely 
consumed, especially in Kyusyu. 
Sphyraena pingius (Günther) 
۲۷ Aka-kamasu ”” 
PL. XXI, fip. 9. x! 
D. V, I, 9; A. 10; scales 95. 
Length of body equal to 3 / times that of head, 
and to 7 times depth of body ; length of head equal 
to 2'/, times diameter of eye, Body elongated, 
sub-eylindrieal, eovered wlth small eyeloid seales. 
Head very long, pointed, pike-like, scaly above 
and on side. Lower jaw considerably projecting ; 
large, sharp teeth of unequal size in both jaws 
and on palatines. Body light green with brownish 
colour above, silvery below; all fins pale. An 
active and voracious fish, inhabiting the warm 
seas of Japan; attains to about 250 mm. in length ; 
tastes delicious, 
Cypsilurus agoo (Temminck & Schlegel) 
“ Tobi-uwo 7 
PL. XXI, fig. 10. و‎ 
D. 13; A. 11; scales 52 to 58. 
Length of body equal to 4 */, times that of head, 
and to 5*/, times depth of body ; length of head 
3 times diameter of eye. Body elongated, back 
and belly broad, eaudal peduncle short, much eom- 
pressed. Head rather short, flattish above; eye 
large, mouth small, oblique; lower jaw longer; 
teeth in jaws villiform, in a narrow band; no 
barbels on mandible except in young fry. Peeto- 
ral high and very large; caudal deeply forked, 
upper lobe being about ½ of lower in length. 
Body deep-blue above, silvery below, peetoral dark 
lead-blue on inner surface, lighter on lower part. 
Flying fish are a surface-living, gregarious species 
in tropieal waters, spawning in Summer near the 
shore; a distanee of 150 m. may be covered while 
flying. Widely consumed as food. 
Fistularia petimba Lacépéde 
۰ Aka-yagara ” 
PL, XXI, fig. 6. * 9 
D. 15; A. 14. 
Length of body equal to 2 % times that of head, 
and to 3*/, times that of snout; diameter of eye 
rather longer than depth of body at pectoral por- 
tion. Inter-orbital space concave; 2 middle ridges 
on upper surface of snout run close and parallel 
to each other along anterior half of length of snout. 
Fody extremely elongated, much depressed, broad 
rather than deep. Head very long, anterior bones 
of skull much produced, forming a long tube, 
which terminates in narrow mouth. Caudal forked, 
middle rays produced in a long filament. Body 
nearly uniformly reddish-brown in older specimens 
and light red in young; fins reddish, Inhabits 
warm sandy bottoms in southern waters, and at- 
tains to about 1700 mm. in length. Flesh tastes 
very delieious. Not often found in Japan, 
Gasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas) 
"7 Togeuwo ” 
PL. XXI, fig. 7; x1 
D. I, I. I, 11 to 14 A. I, 8 to 11 ; Lat. Plate 33, 
Length of body equal to 8 ولا‎ that of head, and 
to 4% times depth of body. Body tapering towards 
both ends, and compressed; head small and 
pointed; lateral skin covered with bony plates, 
which are gradually reduced in size posteriorly ; a 
distinct caudal keel present. Body dark-greyish 
or bluish above, silvery below, with a few dark 
punctuations. It is a fish of northern Japan, as- 
cending streams from sea at the spawning season 
which takes place in early Summer. 16 has a 
peeuliar habit of making a nest of weed and mud ; 
attains to about 100 mm. in length, 
Tylosurus anastomella (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 
“Datu” 
PL, XXI, fig. 8. Xx و‎ 
D. 18; A. 23. 
Post-orbital part of head 1% times depth of 
body, and 3 % times diameter of eye. Body much 
elongated, strongly compressed; caudal pedunele 
slender, without lateral keel. Inter-orbital space 
with a wide, shallow channel along middle. Beaks 
Sphyraena nigripinnis (Temminck & Schlegel) 
** Ao-kamasu ”’ 
PL, XXI, fig. 3. Cé 
D. V, 1, 9; A. I, 9; seales 115. 
Length of body equal to 4 */, times that of head, 
and to 8 times depth of body. Body very similar 
in form to former species but distinguished from 
other species of Sphyraena by being bluish-green 
above; all the fins tinged with darkish colour, and 
with numerous seales, on lateral line, ete. Occurs 
in sandy shallow waters in southern Japan. 
Hyporhamphus sajori (Temminck & Schlegel) 
** Sayori " 
PL. XXI, fig. 4 x! 
D. 16, A, 17; seales 106. 
Length of body (measured from tip of upper 
jaw) equal to 4°/, times that of head, and to 9 
times depth of body. Body very elongated, and 
compressed. Head moderately large, snont point- 
ed; lower*jaw mueh longer; teeth in jaws small 
and tricuspid, in narrow, villiform bands. Body 
dark-blue above, silvery below ; has a bluish lateral 
stripe which broadens beneath dorsal fin; tip of 
lower jaw deep orange. This species inhabits 
southern waters of Japan, and attains to a length 
of 300 mm. Widely used as food. 
Fistularia serrata Cuvier 
'* Ap-yagara " 
PL. XXI, fig. 5. 1 
D. 153 A. 14, 
Length of body equal to 2*/, times that of head, 
and depth of body at peetoral equal to diameter 
of eye. Body subsimilar in form to former species 
but distinguishable from the latter by having deep 
bluish-brown colour, and 2 middle ridges on upper 
surface of snout separate from each other; this 
species is shorter in size, usnally attaining a length 
of about 600 mm. Inhabits rather shallow waters 
in southern Japan,- but is not commonly found 
there. 
Cypsilurus poecilopterus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 
" Aya-tobiuwo "7 
PL. XXI, fig. 1. * 
D. 12 to 13; A. 10 scales 42. 
Length of body 4 times that of head, 4% times 
depth of body; length of head 5 times that of 
snout, 8 times diameter of eye. Body thick; its 
depth equals the distance between the extremity 
of the snout, and the hinder margin of the pre- 
operculum; snout obtuse ; somewhat pointed, 
Pectoral fin extends to end of dorsal. Dorsal ori- 
ginates far in advance of origin of anal. Pectoral 
with numerous oyate black spots, arranged in 
transverse bands on inner side of fin, Ventral fins 
white with about three blackish spots in middle 
of their posterior half. This fish seldom occurs in 
Japan, being chiefly found in the tropies. 
Cololabis saira (Brevoort) 
tt Sanma” 
PL. XXI, fig, 2. ½ 
D. 11, 5; A. 13, 7; sealess 118. 
Length of hody equal to 7 times that of head, 
and to 12 times depth of body. Body elongated, 
compressed, gradually tapering anteriorly and 
posteriorly. Head rather large, compressed ; snout 
nearly straight in profile, with pointed tip, Mouth 
rather small, slightly oblique; jaws with feeble 
pointed teeth ` lower jaw longer than upper. Dor- 
sal short, inserted far posteriorly, anal beginning 
slightly more anteriorly than dorsal, caudal deeply 
forked. Scale eyeloid, deciduous, and continuons to 
base of caudal. Body deep purplish-blue on back, 
lower half being abruptly silvery. On the back 
and sides of head greenish shades more or less 
predominate; dorsal and its finlets light-bluish, 
with dark-brown margin; caudal bluish. The fish 
form huge schools off-shore, migrating southwards 
in Autumn from northern eoast of Japan, and 
laying floating adhesive eges in large numbers. 
Tt attains to a length of about 300 mm. and 
matures in one year only. Much used as food in 
Japan. 
