20 
lished in 1630. In 1636 Busa_ de- 
scended the Lena River to the Arctic 
Sea and laid tribute upon the Jakuts 
and all kindred tribes. He followed 
the sea to the Olekma which he as- 
cended. In 1638 he discovered the 
Tana. In 1639 he resumed his voy- 
age eastward by sea to the Tchen- 
doma and made the Jukahirs tribu- 
tary to the growing empire. In 1639 
the Cossacks reached the Sea of 
Ochotsk, another expedition discov- 
ered the Amoor and the Russians 
came into conflict with China. 
In 1847 Count Mourawieff, gover- 
nor-general of eastern Siberia, an- 
nexed all of the region of Amoor and 
built the military stations of Mariinsk 
and Nicolayevsk at its mouth in de- 
fiance to the protest of China, A 
channel was now open to the Pacific 
FRED R. HARPER, 
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and the Russian right was established 
by the treaty of Aigun in 1854. 
Probably no conquest, not even 
that of Mexico by the Spaniards, is 
so filled with atrocious butcheries as 
the conquest of northern Siberia but 
especially in the region north of the 
Amoor. In quick succession eight 
nations were crushed beneath the iron 
tread of the Czar and entire tribes 
were provoked to fight and then com- 
pletely slaughtered. 
The discovery of gold, silver and 
fossil ivory drew millions of rubles 
into Siberia for investment. The re- 
moteness and vastness of the province 
made it an ideal station for political 
exiles and they could be employed 
with profit in the mines. Commerce, 
both domestic and with China ad- 
vanced with rapid strides, military 
stations and trading posts were quick- 
ly swelled into important villages and 
influential cities. The interests of 
Russia were increasing and at every 
point she was strengthening her posi- 
tion, by a careful choice of her gov- 
ernors and tribute masters, by the 
erection of forts and the construction 
of the Trans-Sibernian railroad. . 
The port of Alexandrovosk at the 
mouth of the Amoor is frozen for so 
many months in the year that it is 
not profitably available for the Pacific 
commerce. For this reason the east- 
ern terminus of the railroad was lo- 
cated at Vladivostock, a central point 
for the trade of the Japan Sea, and 
Port Arthur fortified to strengthen 
her position ine Manchuria. 
Siberia is a mighty country teem- 
ing with boundless possibilities in 
mining, grazing manufacturing and in 
supporting a population of millions in 
a peaceful following of the arts when 
the barbarian tendencies of the Tar- 
tar tribesareeliminated. When Yer- 
mak conquered Kutchum Khan, Russia 
foresaw the _ possibilities. Japan, 
asleep upon her islands, did not hear 
the hum of progress till Commodore 
Perry violently opened the door of the 
Mikado’s Empire to western influ- 
ences. This was too late for her to 
gain a foothold upon the Asiatic 
coast. But Russia has long been 
ready. It has ever been her policy to 
hold what she has gained. 
As tothe justness of the attitude 
of either Japan or Russia time only 
can sift the truth from the error. We 
may be disposed to bitterly criticise 
Russia in her methods of conquest. 
Let the Americans remember Cali- 
fornia and Texas, the English India 
and South Africa. 
W...5..C. RUSSELL. 
(Copyrig! ted 1904.) 
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