NORTH SHORE BREEZE 
A great change in the language 
naturally followed the Norman con- 
quest (1066), both in vocabulary and 
syntax. The common people clung 
to the old forms and words, the Nor- 
man French becoming the language 
of the court and the ruling class, a 
curious illustration of which may be 
found in the first chapter of Ivanhoe. 
The result was what has been called 
middle English. To this period belong 
the works of Richard Rolle of Ham- 
pole, the Chronicle of Robert of 
Gloucester, Langland’s Piers Plough- 
man, of the ballad writers, of Sir John 
Manndeville, and the Scripture para- 
phrase, the Ormulum. The late Mid- 
dle English was enriched by the trans- 
lation of the Bible by Wiclif, the 
“morning star of the Reformation,”’ 
the modest and learned scholar who 
may have been the original of the 
‘“‘poore persoun”’ in Canterbury Tales. 
There belongs to this time also the 
great name of Chaucer, “the father 
of English poetry,” with whom the 
period may be said to have culminated. 
FINEST IMPORTED 
Turkish and Oriental 
ie cn lle. TOBAGOS. 
FRANK G. CHEEVER CO. 
Prescription Pharmacists, 
CENTRAL SQUARE, 
MANCHESTER-BY-THE-SEA, 
Tel. 130. MASS. 
GEO. W. HOOPER, 
DEALER IN 
First-Class Groceries, 
KITCHEN FURNISHINGS. 
MANCHESTER-BY-THE-SEA, 
Telephone 121.3. 
A. J. ROWE, 
LIVERY and BOARDING 
STABLES. 
Proprietor of Magnolia Line of Wagonettes. 
(GPA first-class Stable for Boarders. All the latest 
styles of Carriages, with good safe horses and careful 
drivers, promptly furnished from the Livery Stable, 
Norman Avenue, MAGNOLIA. 
The fifteenth century, the Transi- 
tion Middle English period, with its 
French wars and the Wars of the 
Roses, was a barren one in our literary 
annals, as Caxton represents in his 
Translation of the Eneid (1490). The 
productions of Caxton’s press mark 
the change from Middle to Modern 
English. The invention of printing 
tended largely to homogeneity in lan- 
guage and to a purer style. As books 
were multiplied by type, a style that 
may be called ‘book English’’ came 
into use; there was greater simplicity 
and uniformity, the variations which 
had made the language of different 
parts of the island almost unintelligible 
to those who lived in other sections 
became less and less, and a common 
literary language was the result. It 
was the dawn of a brighter day. 
The beginning of the Tudor period 
coincided with the Revival of letters 
in Europe and the era of modern dis- 
covery, ‘the spacious times of great 
Elizabeth.” New words came into 
use expressive of new ideas; the 
language was greatly enriched by the 
general increase of knowledge, espe- 
cially by the new learning which was 
taking posession, not only of scholars 
and ecclesiastics, but of the common 
people. The year 1611, which marks 
the close of Shakespeare’s activity 
and the appearance of the King James’ 
version of the Bible, that monument 
of harmonious and stately English, 
may be regarded as the close of 
“ Tudor English.” The language had 
now become essentially modern in 
structure and vocabulary, although 
great variations still existed in spell- 
ing. The language of Milton is prac- 
tically the same as that of Tennyson. 
Of 15,000 words used by Shakespeare, 
not more than five or six hundred 
have become obsolete or have changed 
their meaning; and of these, some 
were never properly English words. 
The language is still growing by 
the incorporation of new words, espe- 
cially technical terms in the sciences 
and arts, and the words that increas- 
ing commercial intercourse has intro- 
duced from foreign tongues. The 
13,000 words of Skeat’s Etymological 
Dictionary are derived from some 
thirty linguistic sources. The lan- 
guage is growing rapidly by absorp- 
tion and accretion. It is this power 
of our language to incorporate into 
itself such diverse materials that led 
Grimm, the great German philologist, 
to pay the language this high compli- 
ment: ‘It has had conferred upon 
it an intrinsic power of expression, 
such as no other human tongue ever 
possessed.”’ For copiousness, richness 
and flexibility the English language is 
unsurpassed ; it has to a large extent, 
the music of the Italian, the vivacity 
of the French, the homely vigor of the 
German, the manly strength of the 
Latin, the nicety of the Greek. As 
the spoken and written tongue of the 
two great commercial, political and 
literary nations of the earth, it seems 
destined to a vast and controlling in- 
fluence, an influence which must widen 
with the process of the suns, even if 
it does not become a_ universal form 
of speech, tending to liberalize and 
refine, to do away with national and 
racial misunderstandings and jealous- + 
ies, and “out of many to make but 
one.”’ 
Successful Sale. 
The candy sale at G.A.R. hall, Man- 
chester, Tuesday night under the 
auspices of the S. of V. was a most 
successful affair, the tables of delicious 
sweets and toothsome delicacies van- 
ishing before the big crowd that was 
on hand. 
There was six tables—three with 
candy, one with punch, one peanuts 
and another with ice cream — presided 
over by members of the W.R.C., who 
did much toward making the affair a 
success. 
In charge of the first candy table 
were Mrs. L. W. Floyd and Mrs. Ed- 
ward Hersey ; the second, Mrs. James 
Satter ; the third, Mrs. Jennie Dennis ; 
punch, Mrs. George Hildreth; pea- 
nuts, Mrs. L. O. Lations; ice cream 
and cake, Mrs. Hannah Tappan. 
The committee of the Camp having 
the affair in charge was composed of 
Frank W. Bell, chairman; Benjamin 
Stanley, Fred K. Swett, Ernest Sar- 
gent and Herman C. Swett. Arthur 
Smothers entertained with grapho- 
phone selections during the evening. 
George S. Sinnicks, 
MASON BUILDER 
MANCHESTER-BY-THE-SEA. 
C. H. PHILLIPS, M.D. 
BEVERLY. 
Office Hours: 9 a.m. to 3, and 7 to 8 p.m. 
OFFICE AND RESIDENCE: 
210 Rantoul St., cor. Eliot St. Telephone. 
EDWARD S. KNIGHT, 
FLORIST, 
Dealer im Fine Plants, Bulbs and Seeds. 
FLOWERS for all occasions. 
44 School St., Manchester-by-the-Sea. 
BURGLARY 
and tHErr INSURANCE 
Is what you need, as well as Fire Insurance 
Get them both with 
GEO. E. WILLMONTON 
131 State St., Pulsifer’s Block 
Boston Manchester 
