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THE THEORIES OF eee eas 
(Continued from Page 1, 1st col.) 
In 1693 there perished in Sicily 
from this cause 60,000 people; in 19 
A. D., 120,000 lives were lost in Italy 
alone, and in 526 A. D., 200,000 
were destroyed in Syria by this 
power. Throughout ancient writ- 
ings are scattered many accounts 
of earth vibrations. It is probable 
that many of these are exaggerated 
accounts, and that others are omit- 
ted. No such pains were taken in 
those days to ascertain the facts as 
were employed in the Charleston 
earthquake or as will be done in the 
present disaster. 
Memorable among seismic  dis- 
turbances is the Lisbon disaster of 
1755. The loss of life was above 
30,000, and the tremor in varying 
degrees of intensity was experi- 
enced throughout France, Italy, 
Germany and England, extending 
from the north of Africa to the 
North Cape, covering an area of 
7,500,000 square miles. Like all 
other earthquakes having the epi- 
centrum near the ocean, excepting 
the Charleston, a violent tidal wave 
was set in motion, which in the case 
of the Lisbon calamity, rolled in- 
land and destroyed whatever the 
shock had left. 
At Cadiz this wave was 60 feet 
in height, and crossing the ocean it 
rolled in unusual height into the 
American harbors. Whether a vio- 
lent tidal wave was set in motion 
by the California shock or not it is 
too early to ascertain. 
In August, 1868, the Andes were 
terribly shaken from Ecuador south 
1000 miles. Arica was entirely ob- 
literated in a few moments. A 
United States steamer was _ lifted 
from her moorings in the harbor 
and swept inland for two miles. 
The examination of a fairly com- 
plete earthquake catalog reveals a 
curious condition: The _ greatest 
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Peter streets, ; 
mes of aogce pe eens at 
the middle of each century, with a 
minor series toward the close and at 
the beginning of a new century. 
Thevexperiences lot Ceram. chili} 
Rome, Aiden and San _ Francisco 
during the closing decade of the 
last century simply add to this testi- 
mony. It would not be scientific to 
regard seismic disturbances as 
periodic; the above statement should 
merely be regarded as a coincidence. 
Time has nothing to do with the 
phenomena. There is, however, a 
peculiar record distributed among 
the months of that eventful year, 
1876, beginning with January as 
TOLlOMS 2). TOF 10,0 545..8,' 747 kos eee 
14, 5, 9, total 104. The duration of 
the disturbance covers not only a 
few hours but days, months and 
even years; the proof of this is 
found in the fact that from 1850- 
1886 in San Francisco there were 
254 distinct shocks, forerunners of 
the present cataclysm. 
These shocks are so uncertain 
that no laws can be deduced with 
our present knowledge with any de- 
gree of scientific exactness concern- 
ing their action. Attempts have 
been made to do this, and to link 
them with volcanic action, and this 
brings us to a serious consideration 
of the cause of the present con- 
vulsion on the Pacific coast. 
It is stated in some reports that 
such a scientist has said that since 
San Francisco is nearly diametri- 
cally opposite from Vesuvius the 
shock was a result of the volcanic 
action now in _ progress there. 
Scientific investigation of volcanic 
and earthquake phenomena is of so 
short duration compared with the 
magnitude of the forces that the 
laws of such catastrophes now given 
in our text-books must be given a 
very wide latitude. Instead of laws, 
they are mere generalities. We 
must at present regard them from 
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as exceptional phenomena, not in 
conformity with any known and 
formulated laws, but as characteris- 
tic earth phenomena, irregular in 
occurrence and fairly uncertain as 
to locality. 
Here are the theories advanced by 
various investigators as to the cause 
of the earthquake. First, the falling 
in of great underground caverns 
like that of the Kentucky limestone 
regions; second, a_ violent con 
vulsion of a liquid interior by super- 
heated vapors; third, the action of 
sun and moon upon a liquid interior 
as is the case with the _ surface 
waters of the globe, tide action; 
fourth, volcanoes and_ earthquakes 
are linked as cause and effect. 
It thus remains for the geologist, 
a master of physical laws, to ad- 
vance a theory in accordance with 
recognized data, the sliding of the 
strata, folding or faulting. It seems 
that the cause of such disasters as 
the recent one is due solely to the 
shrinking of the earth, and to ele- 
vation and subsidence of immense 
land areas, whether above or below 
the level of the waters. The sur- 
face of the earth is a series of huge 
balances, some areas are sinking 
while others are rising. This neces- 
sarily produces a strain which soon- 
er or later must rend the strata. An 
eathquake then correctly defined is 
the yielding of the earth’s surface 
to a strain produced by centuries of 
rising and sinking of the strata. 
Motion continues several centuries 
in one direction and then is often 
reversed. 
It is in this manner that mountain 
ranges were formed, are being 
formed today, then once more sub- 
merged only to rise again. Sea 
shells and various remains of marine 
life in the Rockies, the Alps and in 
the Himalayas afford indisputable 
testimony. When the strain be- 
