SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF TURNER'S LAKE 5 
_ it discharges by a narrow and choked outlet running through a 
constricted rock channel into a mass of beach boulders and gravels 
thrown up by the sea, and at low tide the fresh water discharge is 
practically subterranean, as it passes through the beach boulders 
and its outflow can be seen to best advantage from the sea itself. 
The sea, however, has not been observed to rise high enough to cover 
the beach boulders and find its way inward through the basin of the 
lake itself. The greatest depth of the lake is about 40 feet below 
sea level. Its greatest actual depth is 56 feet; its average elevation 
above the sea is 10 feet; its only known inlet is a little stream from 
the west flowing out of swampland of the Mt. Champlain ledge. 
The lake has no tide, periodic rise and flow, and as the visible inflow 
is much less than the visible outflow, it would seem necessary to infer 
that it is fed by ground water springs at the bottom. 
The biological survey of this lake and the gathering of the material 
on which the following biological and chemical notes are based were 
carried out by Sherman C. Bishop and Noah T. Clarke of the State 
Museum during the month of September, 1922. The appreciative 
interest of Mrs. Mary Clark Thompson has made the work possible. 
CHEMISTRY OF THE LAKE WATERS 
The water of Turners Lake is notable to the eye for its amberine 
tints and to the touch for its obvious and velvety softness. There 
follow herewith analyses of these waters based upon samples taken 
with all reasonable care from the surface and from the bottom. The 
analyses have been made by Herbert Ant, Chemist to the Division 
of Saratoga Springs, New York State Conservation Commission, 
whose experience in water analyses has been very extensive. 
Mr. Ant also has given his construction of the actual combinations 
of the solids in the water. 
Dr. Frank Wigglesworth Clarke of the United States Geological 
Survey, whose repute as a geochemist is of the highest rank, has at 
my request expressed his judgment upon possible combinations in 
the water. Finally, Barnard S. Bronson, Professor of Chemistry at 
the New York State College for Teachers, has contributed a very 
notable expression as to this matter. 
Joun M. CLARKE 
