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Oar, 1800.] QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 175 
SiR 15) . 5 = : A 
slivers, Supplying to them a sufficient degree of uniformity, solidity, and 
“SVeness, so as to make them capable of bearing the tension brought to bear 
i : iis PARES: 
f Pon them in the twisting process—?.e., spinning. 
all hard condensed sliver is nothing less than the basis of the spun yarn, for 
1s requisite to make it suitable for weaving purposes is the addition of 
a 1s, of course, is necessary to impart strength, firmness, and solidity— 
i ee uuals which are not present in the soft thread yielded by the 
‘eet Ser. Whilst the sliver is the result of rubbing a limited number of fibres 
(chien the yarn, produced on the mule or spinning frame, is obtained by two 
individ Miata elisa that of twisting, compressing, and twining the 
afford; ual fibres of which the sliver is composed firmly round one another, 
ing thereby strength, compactness, and tenacity to the thread; and, secondly, 
: extenuating the sliver, which increases its length in the same ratio as it 
rises its thickness or circumference. 
f © great variety of woollen materials is the result, in the first instance, of 
the epee construction of the yarn. This again chiefly depends upon the 
We dist; Wool employed. According to the construction of the thread or yarn, 
short Nguish woollen and worsted yarns. Woollen yarns are composed of 
and strongly waved wools. During the process of scribbling such wool 
placed in as disorderly position as possible, and no attempt is made by 
wching the fibre to obtain greater leneth, and of removing the natural 
“def Ress or crimp. The system on which a woollen thread is formed may’ be 
the as that of separating and recrossing the fibres, and finally of twisting 
F Ndividual filaments firmly round one another when in a doubled 
= Mtansled state. ‘The woollen thread is therefore made up of short 
tes, placed on the top of each other in a very disorderly or 
fe Ss position. Such a thread or yarn thus contains a great number 
& the 8, Sticking out here and there, so that the thread is rough and, 
res are in anything but a parallel position, more or less open or porous, 
Wools how strongly the fibres have been twisted together. ‘To make a 
8 SS-079 
ne thread, inferior descriptions of wool may be employed. The so-called 
ov “d yarn is constructed on the opposite principle. The best wools are required 
theiy’ anda knowledge of itis thus of great importance to the woolgrower. All 
nitape mets should be concentrated on the object of produciug wool most 
© tor the making of worsted yarns. The worsted yarn is made by, 
| they depriving the wool fibres of their wave; and, secondly, by arranging 
| hageq LO a strictly parallel position. ‘The strength of the worsted yarn is 
toula i the strength of each fibre, not the quantity of them. Its surface 
Liab) be as smooth as possible, and reflect the light well. It should not be 
© to shrink, 
ac.” WOOl suitable for making a worsted thread should, firstly, be very strong 
® stand a certain amount of pull. In this respect only perfectly true 
‘de ee the same diameter from top to bottom, are desirable, and they should 
in ell Nourished, showing no thin or brittle places. Great trueness is thus an 
thiyat desideratum. This is generally more visible in regularly waved, 
not too highly marked, than in sleek, not waved wools. All clearly waved 
“ct too marked wools, showing a perfectly perpendicular, shafty growth, 
1 
| aMothes teely without showing untrue fibres running across from one staple to 
al 
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peeriare preferred. Length of staple is likewise an important desideratum, 
the , 2 much shorter wools are now also worked into worsted yarns. Whilst 
| em paces of carding is necessary to most kinds of wool previous to their being 
| h yed for making either a woollen or a worsted yarn, for the latter kind the 
tay 
0 an : a. i : 
* of gilling has to be adopted. The object of it is to straighten the fibres, 
0 F ae : 
| aching. and level the carding, and prepare the material for the combing 
tot Combing. There is a twofold object to be attained in combing—first, 
Cy Aeoely adjust the fibres in parallel form ; and, second, to remove the short 
ifig qos Present in the wool. Grilling produces a fairly level ribbon, but 
Closely examined it will be found to be a combination of short and long, 
