188 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. [1 Mar., 1900. | 
the year 1888, haying been applied to to recommend such a person. It will, 
therefore, be seen that the Danes had a very considerable start of us in England, 
and that, although our own system of technical education has done, and is § 
doing, a great deal, they are working upon other lines of a national characte! — 
which are ignored in this country as almost everything is ignored which involves | 
the assistance of the farmer by Government. 
When we say that every Danish farmer is a butter-maker, we provide mM | 
of the keys to the solution of the reason why they are so willing to co-opert, — 
and to abide by the regulations of the Government. In 1883 the system of 
cold setting of milk was almost national; at the present time the whole of th® 
i] milk is separated and either sent to co-operative dairies or to the dairies of vel) 
| large farmers, who purchase it and utilise it in the manufacture of butter. To 
peat in general terms, no two farmers work upon different principles, unles 
they follow the regulations which are laid down by the dairy experts, or, W a 
amounts to the same thing, they produce upon the system which they have bee? — 
taught at the dairy schools or the dairy farms to which they were sent by 
State, so that there is no difficulty in obtaining consignments from given groups?" — 
farmers which are practically of identical or almost identical quality. ‘The cow’ — 
are chiefly of the same breed, the crops grown for their consumption are alm0s 
identicai, for an enormous area of arable land is used in the growth of stot 
foods. The artificial rations provided for winter are as near as possible the 
same, and the foods excluded under the advice of the experts are also excludet 
by the regulations of the creameries. Cleanliness is not simply demanded, but 
is enforced by the same regulations; there is no hurry in the early morning 1g 
get the milk off by train as in this country; time is allowed for the care ful 
cleaning and feeding of the cattle, and the conditions of farm life are quite 
opposed to those which exist on the majority of English dairy farms. The ere | 
If after separation is cooled—a most necessary plan—and ripened. In many case) 
the ripening is the result of the addition of a “starter,” which may be prepa — 
from cultivated bacteria or by simply adding a portion of butter-milk from* | 
previous churning. 
i There are in Denmark about 1,200 co-operative creameries which are pri 
tically owned by the farmers who haye united to build them; the committe? 
purchases the milk by weight, and very often in accordance with its fat percentage 
as well. The regulations vary in some slight degree, but they are based upon 
tain lines which may be referred to as follows :—The payment upon entrance ® | 
a member of so much per cow, being the number of cows milked by each 
farmer, who is required to give notice—usually three months—of his intenU? — 
to withdraw. Every farmer supplying milk must take back the butter-ml 
and separated milk at a price which is fixed periodically ; not unfrequently thie 
is about the hundredth part of a shilling per pound. After the payment © 
loans obtained for the starting of creameries and making certain provisio™* 
which are of importance, the profits remaining are divided among the share | 
holders, who receive a percentage upon each share they possess or in some other 
satisfactory manner. In England the farmer is usually required to convey 
milk to the factory or creamery; in Denmark the milk is fetched subject to the 
condition that in certain cases small quantities of milk are required to © | 
delivered upon the high-road along which the collecting cart passes. The farm | 
are periodically inspected and fines inflicted if the conditions are not pertee 
and thorough cleanliness observed. The feeding is regulated, such food 
as turnips, and even peas, beans, and yetches, being forbidden, where” 
rape cake, which is extremely cheap and not particularly palatable to the catty 
is recommended, its use being sometimes insisted upon under the belief that * 
adds to the flavour or aroma of the butter. Bad feeding subjects the far™ 
toa fine. It is worthy of remark that in every co-operative society the member 
are enabled to obtain all purchased manures at low rates, the commit ‘ 
buying large quantities for their use, so that the co-operative system inclute 
| purchase as well as the sale of the produce of the farm. Should disease pret 
out in the dairy or in the family of the farmer, certain measures must p 
