424. QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOUBNAL, [i May, 1900. 
few cases there is a slight rise of temperature, and by close observation © 
minute swelling may sometimes be noted at the point of inoculation. | Eight - 
ten days are allowed to pass between the first and the second inoculation. HOS 
reasons already explained, the vaccine is injected at a place where the alt 
cutaneous connective tissue is dense and unelastic, generally at the extrem 
of the tail or the external surface of the ear, as far from the base of eith® 
organ as possible. The immunity conferred in this way lasts for at 1¢* 
eighteen months, but animals which are vaccinated before they are one yea, 
old should be revaccinated the following year. h 
This method of vaccination for blackleg, popularly known as “the Eien 
method,” ‘“* Arloing’s method,” or the ‘* Lyons method,’* was first introduced } 
1883, and was generally adopted the following two years. Several thous®? . 
cattle were vaccinated in France, Switzerland, and Germany, and the rest i 
were highly satisfactory. The operation, howeyer, is very cumbersome ° 
account of the great density of the subcutaneous tissue of the tail, W ee 
makes it difficult to insert the needle; in fact, it is necessary first to pune i 
hole with a strong trocar and loosen the skin sufficiently to form a sack 0 
pocket large enough to receive the vaccine. Afterwards a ligature 18 Fer 
around the tail to prevent the vaccine from escaping through the hole, and Oe 
ligature must be removed a short time after, so as not to interfere wit u 
circulation. When the inoculation is made too close to one of the joints, 
needle is liable to wound the cartilaginous discs, and cause the formation © 
abscess, which may result in necrosis and the dropping off of the tail. Tn any 
case, the operation has to be performed by an expert, besides requixins 
considerable time. Consequently, when large numbers of cattle were t0 , 
vaccinated the method was both expensive and inconvenient, and hele 
modification was suggested it was eagerly excepted. In 1888 Professor 4! es 
of the Veterinary College in Munich, Bavaria, took up the question, and, @ ve 
experimenting with Arloing’s vaccine on a number of animals, came 10 ! 
conclusion that the second vaccine may be injected alone without any dange? 
the animal, and that such a single vaccination confers immunity aglae 
subsequent attacks of the disease He went even further and prepared a vacciy 
which was heated for six hours only at a temperature from 85 degrees 10° 
degrees C., which as compared to Arloing’s second yaccine (90 degrees 10 ' 
degrees C. for seven hours) was considerably stronger, but which he prey x 
by experiments to be free from danger, even when injected Ber 
tenfold larger than those ordinarily used. A single injection with me 
vaccine was found to produce complete immunity when treated by peti 
quent inoculations with fatal doses of blackleg virus. He further modi 
Arloing’s method by making the injections in the shoulder region, where the 
skin is loose and easily pierced by the needle. For the preparation of an 
vaccine, Kitt employed the affected muscles from a fresh blackleg tumor; 
which he cut in thin strips and dried at a temperature of 35 degrees C: “h 3 
then pulverised in a coffee-mill. This process in the manufacture of i 
vaccine was also an improvement on Arloing’s method, which, as Wl, 
remembered, consists in pressing the juice from a blackleg tumour and 
it on plates. 
" f ; : ce 
In his publication on this matter Kitt recommends that experiments P 
made on large numbers of cattle with injections of Arloing’s second vaccine 
in the shoulder region—and that the results be published for the benefit m 
others who might wish to employ this much quicker and more conven 
method. He adds that before vaccinating a large number of animals 
vaccine should be tested on guinea-pigs or on a few head of young c® 
ascertain the quality of the material. atte 
Acting on these suggestions, a number of veterinarians undertook vac® 
tions with second vaccine alone, and in most cases the results were 44 M- 
satisfactory to those obtained through double vaccination. In Alger’ 
* The laboratories of Arloing, Cornevin, and Thomas are located at Lyons, France 
nie a OE I 
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