6G ________—__—————————_ 
426 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. [1 May, 1900. 
it were better than those obtained by double vaccination on the tail, and neatly 
as good as from double vaccination on the shoulder with Arloing’s vaccin® 
The question remaining was, therefore, whether a single or a double vaccinatio? 
was to be preferred. Although he was the originator of the single-vaccinall? 
method, Professor Kitt did not claim it to be superior to Arloing’s method, ** 
repeated inoculations necessarily must re-enforce the power of resistance; bu 
he thinks that the same degree of immunity can be obtained with a sing’ 
inoculation with his dry vaccine as with a double vaccination with the Fren¢ 
vaccine. More recently Professor Kitt has prepared a vaccine from Pe 
cultures of the blackleg bacillus; but, as will be seen from the table below, ™ 
protective value was comparatively low, and consequently it was never use 
very extensively. " 
At the International Veterinary Congress in Berne, Switzerland, in 189 
Professor Strebel published the total results from vaccination for black!es: 
compiling all the statisties which he had been able to obtain. They covert 
period from 1884 to 1895, and embrace the various methods of inoculatio? 
already mentioned. 
MerHovs or VACCINATION, Toran NuMBER VACCINATED, AND ACCIDENTS AFTER 
‘VACCINATIONS IN EUROPE. 
ACCIDENTS, 
$< oa 
Number ag + 
of a 23 g 
Method of Vaccination. Animals as re SRE Py 
Vacci- 23 | os San), ae sy 2 
hated: |e | af jasas | «| Sone 
2 | $2 | sees! 3 | 22 |¢ 
5 eae Loess gaa8 2 5 a 
= tees beet a a 3S i 
i om area 
Double vaccination on the tail... ... | 325,893 188 | 0°56 1,245 0°38 1,433 Ne 
Total vaccinations in shoulder region... 91,066 77 0°84 | 365 0°40 441 Ot 
Double vaccination in shoulder region .., 37,410 8 | 0-22 157 0°42 165 063 ' 
Single vaccination with Kitt’s dry vaccine 39,084 61 | 1:56 187 0°48 248 1:58 
Single vaccination with Kitt’s pure-| 5,643 Soeeeiei ley 81 1:43 89 
culture vaccine | | = 
eo Boer | a 
Total en eae end 09,000 mremratl 0°68 2,035 oso | 2,376 | OF 
| 
The total shows that nearly half-a-million head of cattle were vaccinated, 
and that the loss resulting from the operation, together with the number ° 
deaths from blackleg contracted naturally subsequent to inoculation, amount® 
to less than one-half of 1 per cent. In order fully to appreciate the protecHY™ 
value of the vaccine, it is necessary to compare the mortality among vaccinate’ 
animals with that of unvaccinated ones under the same circumstances. ‘To * ie 
end Strebel furnishes the following figures: Of the cattle treated with double 
vaccination on the tail, 129,705 were pastured together with 245,560 head 0° 
unvaccinated stock. Of the former 550 head, or 0:42 per cent.,, died frou} 
spontaneous blackleg, while 4,136 head, or 1°76 per cent., of the latter die 
from blackleg. The mortality among the unvaccinated animals was conse” 
quently four and one-half times greater than among those vaccinated. “th 
Of the cattle vaccinated in the shoulder region 62,158 were pastured WI)" 
82,334 head of unvaccinated cattle. The respective losses from blackles 
amounted to 282 head, or 0°45 per cent., in the former, and 1,350 head, orl Y 5 ; 
in the latter. Mortality among unvaccinated was three and three-fifths 1°" 
greater than among those vaccinated. Of the animals which received a dou, 
inoculation in the ‘shoulder region 25,849 were pastured, with 13,452 uve 
nated animals. ' Of the former 119 head, or 0:46 per cent., and of the Jat vale 
321 head, or 2°38 per cent., died from blackleg ; difference in mortality ig 
times greater among unvaccinated stock. Of the animals treated with Kt ie 
single vaccine 30,123 were pastured with 57,867 unvaccinated cattle. Bight 
five head, or 0°28 per cent., of the former died from blackleg, while the ie 
among the latter was 921 head, or 1°59 per cent., or nearly six times gre” 
