96 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. {1 Fes., 1902. 
concluding this paper, I hope all interested in this industry will study the 
subject carefully and do all in their power to minimise the losses that retard. 
the progress of butter-making. Country factories should receive the support 
of their districts, as the less handling that cream receives the better for its 
butter ratio and the quality of the product manufactured. 
It cannot be too generally known that the use of the most modern improve- 
ments in the equipment of our dairy factories—not the least important of 
which is the provision of refrigerating machinery and cool chambers—enhances 
the money value of the product dealt with, and saves serious losses in the 
aggregate returns from the dairy herd. 
Lastly, let us admit that the supplier to any factory is in a sense at the 
mercy of the manufacturer ; that the magnitude of his operations with milk and 
cream compels him to deal with the milk and cream of several suppliers at one 
operation ; still, with his almost perfect system of tests, checks, and averages, 
he should not recklessly be charged with unfair dealings if his returns to the 
supplier do not come up to wishes or expectations. There are so many factors 
tending to reduction of butter returns that suppliers are not justified in forming 
hasty conclusions that they are being unfairly treated.— Journal of’ Agriculture, 
South Australia. 
TICKS AND LUCERNE. 
In August, 1901, we published an exhaustive treatise in the Journal (Vol. 
IX., p. 252) on the Transmission of Bovine Malaria by Professor Ligniéres, 
in which he mentions (p. 272) that cattle grazed on lucerne or other artificial 
grasses are free from ticks and malaria. This simply means that, if cattle not 
otherwise immune are constantly grazed on fields ah such grasses, there is no 
danger of their becoming infested with ticks ; also, that when ticks have attacked 
them in the natural grass plains or forests, the simple remedy is to drive the 
infected beasts on to a lucerne area, when the ticks at once disappear. 
We have heard expressions of incredulity on this matter, but scientists 
like Professor Ligniéres never publish anything until they have proved it to 
absolute certainty. We have lately received confirmation of thé properties of 
lucerne in the way of tick destruction. The Inspector of Stock for the Brisbane 
district has reported a case which he says fully confirms the professor’s state- 
ment. A Mr. Clay, of Samsonvale, hada cow badly infected with ticks. He 
turned her into a lucerne paddock, and shortly, to his suprise, the ticks all 
dropped off, and the cow has not been troubled with any since. 
_OFf course one cow is easier to manage than 10,000, but in the Argentine 
cattle-owners lay down as much as 100 square miles in lucerne for stock- eeding — 
purposes. That means a field 10 miles long and 10 miles wide, embracing 
64,000 acres. Large herds are thus kept free from ticks, and it is only when 
being driven to market, and hence passing through tick-infested country, that 
they are in any danger of disease. Even then thé danger may be minimised or 
completely eliminated by allowing the cattle to graze occasionally on tick 
country, and, when they are infested, driving them back on to the lucerne 
fields, where the ticks die off, and the animals thus become immune to tick 
fever. 
JUDGING DAIRY COWS. 
The Year-book of the United States Department of Agriculture, amongst 
other matters of interest to farmers, gives the following points in judging a 
dairy cow (our illustration is a reproduction from Station, Farm, and Dairy) :— 
Scae or Pornrs ror Jupcine a Darry Cow REGARDLESS OF BREEDS. 
1 head, 2 muzzle, 3 nostril, 4 face, 5 eye, 6 forehead, 7 head, 8 ear, 9 
cheek, 10 throat, 11 neck, 12 withers, 13 back, 14 loin, 15 hipbone, 16 pelvic 
arch, 17 rump, 18 tail, 19 switch, 20 chest, 21 brisket, 22 dewlap, 23 shoulder, 
24 elbow, 25 forearm, 26 knee, 27 ankle, 28 hoof, 29 heart girth, 30 side or 
barrel, 31 belly, 32 flank, 38 milk vein, 34 fore-udder, 35 hind-udder, 36 teats, 37 
upper thigh, 38 stifle, 89 twist, 40 leg or gaskin, 41 hock, 42 shank, 43 dew claw- 
