STATE GEOLOGIST. 187 
In some cases an oil sand is found below the body of the Big Injun 
from which it is separated=by-a few feet of shales. This sand is called 
the “Squaw,” a term used by the driller-tm-about the same sense as the 
“stray.” 
West of Independence township the Big Injun is not a producer of 
oil or gas. In fact in the central part of the county it is not well marked, 
being there confused with the Salt sand. Eastward, however, where the 
“Big lime” is found its separation from the Salt sand is easy, and its iden- 
tification certain. 
The Berea in the Elk Run field ranges in thickness from o to 20 feet 
or more. The sand varies considerably. Sometimes it is coarse, porous 
and soft, and at other times fine and hard. Above and below it is suc- 
ceeded by a dark shale. The sand contains but little water. 
The largest producer in the field is reported to have started at 800 
barrels. It was drilled early in 1899, and in August, 1900, was producing 
40 barrels daily. Ordinarily the initial production of the wells was about 
40 barrels per day. At first the wells flowed, but the gas pressure soon 
dropped so low that they had to be pumped. The oil has a density of 51 
degrees B. The number of producing wells in the field in August, I1g00, 
was about 65. The wells are shot with heavy charges of nitroglycerine, 
usually from 80 to 90 quarts. The sand, however, clogs rapidly, and then 
the wells are shot a second time. This process may be repeated later. 
Other Wells in the Township.—The number of wells drilled outside 
of the two pools is not large, and nearly all have been failures. The record 
is as follows: A dry hole on the Ward farm along the western line of 
section 35; a dry hole on the Miller farm along the south line of section 
18; 3 dry holes on the Hanlon farm, which joins the Miller; one dry hole 
on the Patterson farm along the south line of section 23, but a half mile 
farther south on the Hall land near the middle of section 22 a fine gas 
well has been secured; a dry hole on the Cady farm in the northeast 
quarter of the same section; one dry hole on the McKnight farm in section 
10, and one on the Deucher farm in section 21. 
On Leith run in the southeastern corner of the township, 9 wells have 
been drilled, only 3 of which were producers. A good gas well was 
struck at a depth of 1,100 feet on the ‘Kiger farm. The remaining wells 
are in a shallow sand, struck at about 300 feet. On the Farnsworth tract 
in section 9 a small producer, now abandoned, was secured in a shallow 
sand, and a second well is being drilled (1900). On the Valentine farm 
in section 24 one dry hole has been drilled, and one mile southwest on the 
Bosworth farm in section 23 a gas well, now abandoned. 
WELLS INLUDLOW TOWNSHIP. 
This township lies north of Independence, and extends to the Monroe 
county line. The Little Muskingum river flows zigzag fashion through 
